儿童自我控制学生自陈表的编制

本研究的目的是制定一套测量儿童自我控制能力的自陈式量表,在认知、行为、情绪、社会交往四个主要范畴内编定题目,经过项目分析、因素分析,认为测量儿童自我控制能力的量表包含学习行为、情绪、耐受性和独立性以及生活习惯四个方面的内容,还进一步分析了儿童自我控制的年级差异和性别差异,本量表的信度、效度都较好。     

管理人员对影响新产品开发决策宏观动力场因素的认知

在先前一系列研究的基础上,利用问卷考察了管理人员对宏观动力场因素不确定性质的认知,它涉及全国三个地区１２１名管理人员和１５家工厂企业。研究证实了从管理人员角度看,宏观因素变化性的主要维度是波动性、趋势性和时距性,经营信息不确定度、外部管理与招工不确定度、供应与公关不确定度,构成了总的动力场不确定性。最后,研究管理人员的认知结构对新产品开发决策具有的理论意义和实践意义。     

婴儿识别面部表情的能力及其发展模式

采用婴儿控制的习惯化－去习惯化实验设计,测查了４２名８－１２个月的婴儿对愉快（Ｈ）、愤怒（Ａ）和惧怕（Ｆ）三种表情（照片）的习惯化速率及在六种表情配对顺序下（Ｈ－Ａ,Ａ－Ｈ,Ｈ－Ｆ,Ｆ－Ｈ,Ａ－Ｆ,Ｆ－Ａ）的识别能力。实验结果表明：（１）多数婴儿的注视高峰出现在习惯化过程早期;（２）不同年龄的婴儿对三种表情的习惯化速率相同;（３）在三种表情的六种配对情况下,不同年龄的婴儿对任一对表情中的第一个习惯化后,均可对第二个表情去习惯化,即在识别过程中不存在顺序效应。     

Characterizing adult cognitive development

A paradigm of adult cognitive development is elaborated that is derived from concepts inherent in the study of consistency and change during the adult years. It is argued that the antecedents and consequences of adult cognition are substantially different from those that pertain to earlier growth-oriented developmental periods and to later decline-oriented periods. Adult cognition and its development are characterized in terms of adaptive competencies in specific domains, elasticity of function within selected domains, and knowledge encapsulation. Another major characteristic of adult development is that knowledge and computation are integrated or encapsulated with experience and use. It is suggested that these characteristics serve to distinguish adult cognitive development from the discontinuous emerging properties of earlier cognitive development and from the general deficiencies of cognitive function that are characteristic of very late life.     

通过样例和问题求解学习物理──加强对条件的认知

这项研究支持了我们先前的研究结果,即知识可以表征为一组产生式规则,产生式规则的学习可以通过考察样例和通过问题求解的方式进行。这项研究特别探讨了加强对于产生式的条件认知加工活动的效果。结果表明了我们这一构思的有效性。此外,还讨论了这一学习模式的学习过程。     

学前儿童对短时时距的区分及其认知策略

本研究以令儿童比较时距长短为手段进一步探查学前（５、６岁）儿童对短时时距的认知过程,挖掘幼儿的认知潜力。研究结果表明：１）学前５、６岁儿童已能区分只有几秒钟差异的短时时距;２）６岁儿童已能使用时间标尺测量时间,５岁儿童已有潜力把时间看成是可以计数的维量;３）两时距的时间差别大小是影响儿童认知成绩的主要因素之一。     

Escape from freedom: Choosing not to choose in pigeons

Preference for the availability of food-reinforcement alternatives was investigated with Rachlin and Green's (1972) concurrent-chains self-control paradigm. The terminal link of one chain made available a choice between immediate access to food for T seconds and delayed access to food for 4 seconds. The terminal link of the other chain provided only delayed access to food. When T was reduced to .25 seconds, pigeons began to select the delayed-access key in both terminal links. Even so, the pigeons strongly preferred constraint over choice. This effect could not be accounted for by differences in the actual amount of food obtained in the terminal links, by avoidance of the immediate-reinforcement key when not presented as part of a choice, or by avoidance of a multi-key terminal link. Rather, constraint was preferred over freedom. Apparently, the preference for choice is determined by the particular type of choice offered.     

内隐学习“三高”特征的实验研究

本研究在社会认知的人物特征识别范畴内,探讨在高强度练习和准确反馈条件下,内隐学习的高选择力、高潜力以及高密度贮存三大特征。实验采用一种测量内隐和外显学习的新方法,要求被试学会把像片按其组合特征分类。这些特征包括人物姿势的正侧面(显著维度特征),人物容貌的美丑(非显著维度特征)。结果表明:(1)非显著特征的学习,内隐被试表现出更大且显著的底层规则的迁移,比外显被试具有更高的选择力。(2)内隐被试表现出高潜力的内隐知识。(3)信息论处理揭示了内隐知识传递和贮存的高密性和高效性。     

Cognition, behavior, and the experimental analysis of behavior

A case history illustrates how one research program in the experimental analysis of behavior evolved somewhat differently from the modal research program represented in this journal. A chief issue that seems to be responsible for this difference is the role attributed to theory in behavioral research: Skinner's views on the nature and function of theory and on the nature of observation combine to produce a certain kind of picture of behavior. The classic conception of reinforcement contingencies is tied to this particular picture. But this picture may be incompatible with, and certainly is different from, other possible pictures. Reinforcement contingencies that place greater emphasis on the local temporal patterning of behavior seem tied to some of these alternative pictures of what behavior is. These other pictures encourage a wide range of theoretical approaches, including cognitive ones, various kinds of mathematical analyses, and computer-simulation methods to characterize entire behavior streams. In the future, perhaps the experimental analysis of behavior will accept a somewhat different range of views on the nature and function of theory, a correspondingly different set of experimental methods, and alternative ways of talking about behavior.     

The crying boss: Activating “human resources” through sensitivity training in 1970s Sweden

This article examines the introduction of “sensitivity training” to 1970s Swedish work life. Drawing upon a range of empirical materials, I explore the politics that were involved in the process of translating and adapting this group dynamic method to the Swedish context and consider how its proponents argued for its value. By approaching sensitivity training as an attempt to govern, shape, and regulate both human beings and the work organizations of which they were a part, I argue that sensitivity training presents an unexpectedly early example of a governing rationality that has elsewhere been described and theorized as “neoliberal.” The fact that sensitivity training was established in Swedish work life already in the early 1970s thus challenges the historiography of neoliberal modes of government, which have elsewhere been associated with a neoliberal shift in state policies occurring in the 1980s and 1990s. The article demonstrates how emotionally liberating practices in the late 1960s and early 1970s were embraced by some of the most politically influential actors in contemporary Swedish society, such as the corporate sector and the trade unions. As blue-collar trade unions and social democrats voiced increasingly far-reaching demands concerning workplace democracy and improved workplace conditions, advocates of sensitivity training presented their method as crucial to the process of “democratizing” and “humanizing” Swedish work life. Intimately associated with the new therapies of humanistic psychology, sensitivity training was used within the corporate sector to foster a more emotional and authentic leadership style that would embrace the values of emotional awareness, self-expression, and self-actualization. The crying boss emerged in this context as a key figure in the project of creating a “democratic” and psychologically satisfying organization. Yet, sensitivity training was also described as a means for companies to make better use of what was now asserted as their most important economic asset: the human being. From the outset, the idealistic vision of an emotionally liberated, democratic workplace was thus entangled with a specific kind of economic rationality, in which the emotionally liberated, self-actualizing individual emerged as a capital or asset that would be better utilized if the organization allowed—even encouraged—employees to engage in their own well-being and self-optimization.