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21.
Standard quantum mechanics unquestionably violates the separability principle that classical physics (be it point-like analytic,
statistical, or field-theoretic) accustomed us to consider as valid. In this paper, quantum nonseparability is viewed as a
consequence of the Hilbert-space quantum mechanical formalism, avoiding thus any direct recourse to the ramifications of Kochen-Specker’s
argument or Bell’s inequality. Depending on the mode of assignment of states to physical systems – unit state vectors versus
non-idempotent density operators – we distinguish between strong/relational and weak/deconstructional forms of quantum nonseparability.
The origin of the latter is traced down and discussed at length, whereas its relation to the all important concept of potentiality
in forming a coherent picture of the puzzling entangled interconnections among spatially separated systems is also considered.
Finally, certain philosophical consequences of quantum non-separability concerning the nature of quantum objects, the question
of realism in quantum mechanics, and possible limitations in revealing the actual character of physical reality in its entirety
are explored. 相似文献
22.
Hugo?WesterlundEmail author Anna?Bergstr?m T?res?Theorell 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2004,39(1):3-15
Thirty-two female participants in a mobilising labour market programme offering temporary, alternative employment in Sweden
were followed longitudinally for one year, including a six month post participation follow-up period. It can be hypothesised
that an important aspect of the physiological effects of unemployment is a change in the balance between anabolic and catabolic
activities in the body and that re-employment should lead to a shift towards anabolism. An earlier study of a smaller subset
of the data, however, including both men and women, showed increased prolactin and decreased dehydroepiadrosterone sulphate
(DHEA-s) levels, contrary to the initial hypothesis. In the present analysis, intended to elucidate these results, psychophysiological
data were summarised in two indices, one connected with anabolism (made up of testosterone and DHEA-s) and one with catabolism
(prolactin, γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate amino transferase, α levuline amino transferase, and body mass index). In addition,
self-rated anxiety, depression, hopelessness and personal control were analysed. The results indicate that the effect of ‘better’
activities within the programme was a temporary increase in anabolism, possibly indicating lower stress levels, and the effect
of ‘worse’ activities, on the one hand, a temporary decrease in the catabolic index, probably reflecting repressed alcohol
consumption, and, on the other hand, impaired anabolism. There was also a general but transient decrease in depressiveness
measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The results seem to imply that it is difficult to achieve lasting effects
through a relatively short participation in a mobilising programme. 相似文献
23.
This paper forms an introduction to this issue, the contents of which arose directly or indirectly from a conference in May 2001 on Corruption of scientific integrity? — The commercialisation of academic science. The introduction, in recent decades, of business culture and values into universities and research institutions is incompatible with the openness which scientific and all academic pursuit traditionally require. It has given rise to a web of problems over intellectual property and conflict of interest which has even led to corporate sponsors’ suppressing unfavourable results of clinical trials, to the detriment of patients’ health. Although there are those who see the norms of science developing to recognise the importance of instrumental science aiming at specific goals and of knowledge judged by its value in a context of application, none justifies the covert manipulation of results by vested interest.Public awareness of these problems is growing and creating a climate of opinion where they may be addressed. We suggest a way forward by the introduction of nationally and internationally-accepted guidelines for industrial collaboration which contain proper protections of the core purposes of universities and of the independence of their research. Some codes suggested for this purpose are discussed. We note that some universities are moving to adopt such codes of conduct, but argue the need for strong support from the government through its funding bodies. 相似文献
24.
Gardenier JS 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(3):425-434
This paper informally summarizes a two-day symposium held at the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., September
5–6, 2002. The issue was to what extent the progress of science and societal capacity for continued technological innovation
are threatened by excessive protection of intellectual property. Excessive protection creates disadvantages not only for scientists
and inventors but also for educators/students and for librarians/clientele. Speakers from a variety of disciplines and institutions
agreed unanimously that scientific and technological progress is, indeed, under serious threat. Various opinions were expressed
about the degree of threat, currently and prospectively, as well as what counter-measures are best suited to resist undue
restrictions on creative uses of scientific and technical data and information. This summary is based entirely on the author’s
notes from the symposium, and the commentary offered is his alone. My apologies to the speakers if this paper does not accurately
reflect the primary intent of their presentations. The “Suggested Readings” offered at the end are not specific to the speakers’
statements but rather are offered as a general resource to aid further research. The definitive record of the symposium is
planned to be available from the National Academies Press as a Proceedings publication in the summer of 2003.
John Gardenier is an independent researcher, ethicist and science writer. 相似文献
25.
Philip Clayton 《Zygon》1999,34(4):609-618
Nancey Murphy is a key second-generation figure in the field of religion and science. Through a variety of responsibilities, some of which are reviewed here, she has worked as a discipline builder over the last fifteen years. After trying to convey the general spirit of Murphy's work, the author focuses on five areas where readers might resist her conclusions, including her "postmodern" theory of scientific (and religious) knowledge and truth, her treatment of theology and science as "separate but equal," and her defense of physicalism. 相似文献
26.
We review the recently published report by the Committee on the Prevention of Reading Difficulties in Young Children from a behavior analytic perspective. The authors prescribe what children should learn to be successful readers based on the correlates of reading and the developmental progression of reading errors. The report offers no discussion of theoretical models that can be used by teachers and parents to reform reading instruction or specific procedures that have been shown to be effective at promoting various reading skills. We discuss these omissions in terms of the level of research included in the review, the authors' structural approach to synthesizing this research, and the constructivist orientation common to many early childhood educators. The paper concludes by identifying models and strategies from the behavior analysis literature that can be used to guide instruction and offers a modest suggestion for future reviews of reading research. 相似文献
27.
28.
Guston DH 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):137-154
Nearly two decades of debate have not settled the definition of research misconduct. The literature provides four explanatory
frameworks for misconduct. The paper examines these frameworks and maps them onto efforts by the U.S. Public Health Service
to define research misconduct and subsequent responses to these efforts by the scientific community. The changing frameworks
suggest that closure will not be achieved without an authoritative effort, which may occur through the Research Integrity
Panel’s recent attempt to create a government-wide definition. 相似文献
29.
30.