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341.
Ethical issues in biomedical research: Perceptions and practices of postdoctoral research fellows responding to a survey 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We surveyed 1005 postdoctoral fellows by questionnaire about ethical matters related to biomedical research and publishing;
33% responded. About 18% of respondents said they had taken a course in research ethics, and about 31% said they had had a
course that devoted some time to research ethics. A substantial majority stated willingness to grant other investigators,
except competitors, access to their data before publication and to share research materials. Respondents’ opinions about contributions
justifying authorship of research papers were mainly consistent but at variance with those of many biomedical journal editors.
More than half said they had observed what they considered unethical research practices. To increase the chances of getting
a grant funded, 27% said they were willing to select or omit data to improve their results; to make publication of their work
more likely or to benefit their career, 15% would select or omit data and 32% would list an undeserving author. Of respondents
who thought they had been unfairly denied authorship on a paper, or been listed with or asked to list an undeserving author,
75% said they would be willing to list an undeserving author (P<0.001). Having taken a course dealing with research ethics
had no effect on stated willingness to select or omit data or to fabricate data in the future, but was positively associated
with willingness to grant undeserved authorship (P<0.04). Although these results do not controvert research demonstrating
the effectiveness of ethics courses during professional education, they indicate that the research environment is a powerful
component of a trainee’s experience and ethical development.
Preliminary results of this work were presented in part as a poster at the forumEthics, Values, and the Promise of Science, presented by Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, 25–26 February 1993 in San Francisco, California, USA. 相似文献
342.
The ideal of scientific openness — i.e. the idea that scientific information should be freely accessible to interested parties — is strongly supported throughout the scientific community. At the same time, however, this ideal does not appear to be absolute in the everyday practice of science. In order to get the credit for new scientific advances, scientists often keep information to themselves. Also, it is common practice to withhold information obtained in commissioned research when the scientist has agreed with his or her employer to do so. The secrecy may be intended for ever, as in the military area, but also temporarily until a patent application has been made. The paper explores to what extent such secrecy is undesirable, as seems to be suggested by the ideal of scientific openness. Should this ideal be interpreted as having certain exceptions which make the above-mentioned practices acceptable? Are there, on closer inspection, good arguments for the ideal of scientific openness, and for officially upholding it? Possible versions of the ideal of scientific openness are explored and the issue is found to be rather complex, allowing for wide variations depending on the acting parties, beneficiaries, types of information and moral requirements involved. We conclude that the arguments usually given in favour of this ideal are weaker than what seems to be generally believed, and that, on closer inspection, they leave plenty of room for exceptions to it. These exceptions only partly cover the actual practice of withholding scientific information, and there may still be good reason to advocate, teach and enforce the ideal of scientific openness within the scientific community. 相似文献
343.
Neuropsychological rehabilitation after acquired brain injury is an important contribution to our health-care system. Despite a growing database which supports its clinical utility, the insurance coverage for this form of care is now being threatened. This paper addresses some of the professional and scientific issues that psychologists need to face in order to continue to provide these services.Invited Address, President's Mini-Convention To Your Health: Psychology Through the Life Span, American Psychological Association Convention, New York, August 12, 1995. 相似文献
344.
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346.
Thomas L. Gilbert 《Zygon》1992,27(2):211-220
Abstract. Klink rejects the use of ecological models in environmental decision making because their predictions cannot be tested by rigorous scientific methods. I argue that models that cannot be tested according to the rigorous standards of the physical sciences can still be considered “scientific”; they are useful (and, in practice, used) for assessing the impacts of human actions on the environment and choosing between alternative courses of action. It is, however, important to be aware of the uncertainties and to make corrections as new data and insights become available. The interplay between (1) model-based decisions and action and (2) their consequences and subsequent corrections can be regarded as a dialogue between humans and nature (or God) in the sense proposed by Klink. Klink also claims that future actions should be informed by the larger vision of theology and should not be based on science. I suggest that science has an indispensible role. The larger vision is needed to respond to the fundamental religious question: How should I live—and why? But this question cannot be answered without first addressing the fundamental scientific question: How does the world work? I suggest that responses to the first question can be formulated as visions of a future state of existence that we feel compelled to strive to realize, and that science is necessary to provide “maps of reality” needed to realize visions. I also suggest that Christian traditions can probably provide adequate visions; the crucial need is for improving our “maps of reality.” 相似文献
347.
James W. McAllister 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1991,22(1):1-14
Almost all commentators acknowledge that among the grounds on which scientists perform theory-choices are criteria of simplicity. In general, simplicity is regarded either as only a logico-empirical quality of a theory, diagnostic of the theory's future predictive success, or as a purely aesthetic or otherwise extra-empirical property of it. This paper attempts to demonstrate that the simplicity-criteria applied in scientific practice include both a logicoempirical and a quasi-aesthetic criterion: to conflate these in an account of scientists' theory-choice is to court confusion. 相似文献
348.
John Kekes 《Argumentation》1995,9(4):577-594
The paper examines one implication of pluralism, the view that all values are conditional and none are overriding. This implication is that since scientific knowledge is one of the conditional values, there are circumstances in which the pursuit of even the most basic scientific knowledge is legitimately curtailed. These circumstances occur when the pursuit of scientific knowledge conflicts with moral and political values which, in that context, are more important than it. The argument focuses on the case for and against space exploration in search of intelligent extraterrestrial life. The widely held supposition that search for pure scientific knowledge cannot be reasonably curtailed is identified as the fallacy of overriding values. 相似文献
349.
Hubert Meisinger 《Zygon》1995,30(4):573-590
Abstract. This paper deals with Ralph Wendell Burhoe's scientific theology and his theory of altruism. Its task is a critical examination of some of the main aspects of Burhoe's approach within the dialogue between science and theology; its goal is to enhance his vision. In the first part I argue that Burhoe's concept of God can be related to the Christian concept of a God of love through his theory of altruism. The second part deals with Burhoe's way of yoking religion and science. I apply insights of evolutionary epistemology as well as Philip Hefner's fruitful suggestion that Burhoe's enterprise is unavoidably metaphysical. In the last part, I investigate Burhoe's philosophy of science and the dominant role of Western culture, including the Judeo-Christian tradition, in Burhoe's thought. Incorporation of a more critical attitude toward science within Burhoe's positivistic approach is suggested. 相似文献
350.
In response to a series of allegations of scientific misconduct in the 1980’s, a number of scientific societies, national
agencies, and academic institutions, including Harvard Medical School, devised guidelines to increase awareness of optimal
scientific practices and to attempt to prevent as many episodes of misconduct as possible. The chief argument for adopting
guidelines is to promote good science. There is no evidence that well-crafted guidelines have had any detrimental effect on
creativity since they focus on design of research studies, documentation of research findings, assignment of credit through
authorship, data management and supervision of trainees, not on the origin and evolution of ideas. This paper addresses a
spectrum of causes of scientific misconduct or unacceptable scientific behavior and couples these with estimates of the potential
for prevention if guidelines for scientific investigation are adopted. The conclusion is that clear and understandable guidelines
should help to reduce the chance that flawed research will escape from our institutions. However, they cannot be relied upon
alone to prevent all instances of scientific misconduct and should be regarded rather as one means of bolstering the integrity
of the entire scientific enterprise. 相似文献