中学组织气氛测量及其与教师心理健康的相关分析

在借鉴国外有关学校组织气氛理论研究成果和我国教育实践调查的基础上,对中学组织气氛的结构因素进行了理论构想。通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,发现学校组织气氛主要由管理气氛、教学气氛、学习气氛、人际气氛四个维度共23个因子构成的。在此基础上,编制了中学组织气氛量表。经考察,该量表具有较好的信度与效度。应用该量表探讨学校组织气氛与教师心理健康的关系。结果发现：学校管理气氛与教师心理疾病中的敌意因子,学习气氛与强迫、人际敏感、焦虑和敌意因子具有显著的正相关;教师心理疾病各因子与学校组织人际气氛具有负相关,但不显著;学习气氛与敌意和焦虑、管理气氛与敌意因子回归显著。     

空难发生地高中生焦虑性心理应激的影响因素

采用《艾森克人格问卷》、自编的《空难发生地高中生心理应激问卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ》和《职业期望问卷》,分别在空难发生后一周内、一年后对空难发生地和非空难发生地重点中学高中生进行问卷调查,探究空难发生地不同人格特征和不同职业期望高中生在空难发生后心理应激的差异。结果表明：高职业期望和高神经质是空难发生地高中生焦虑性心理应激水平的影响因素;突发事件预案中应考虑中学生这一特殊群体的心理干预工作。     

中学生笔记策略及其干预研究

做笔记(note-taking)是学生在听课和阅读时普遍使用的学习策略,借此可适当记录所学内容以促进记忆和思考,从而有效控制自己的认知过程和对材料信息的加工,有助于发现和建立新旧知识的内在联系,建构对知识的理解。本研究运用调查法、实验法和训练法对中学生的笔记策略进行实证研究。第一,通过自编问卷调查了中学生的笔记策略运用状况并揭示其特点;第二,通过实验研究探索了学生笔记水平与学业成绩的关系,并分析笔记策略运用的影响因素;第三,运用训练法比较了笔记策略辅导的不同方式对学生的影响,探讨学习策略辅导有效性的影响因素。本研究对认知心理学研究的重要领域~学习策略研究以及学校心理辅导的重要工作~学习策略辅导具有一定的启迪作用。     

中学生学习倦怠与人格关系

采用问卷调查法,对1136名高中学生的学习倦怠进行分析,考察了人口学变量之间的差异,并探讨了学习倦怠各因子与人格之间的关系。结果发现:⑴影响学生学习倦怠的人口学变量有家庭所在地、性别、年级和学校类型。其中家庭所在地单独影响学习倦怠,且是学习倦怠的有效预测变量。性别、学校类型和年级相互作用影响学生的学习倦怠。⑵精神质、内外向、神经质与学习倦怠的各个因子及总分有极其显著的相关,其中N、P是学习倦怠有效的预测变量。     

童年期母亲教养方式与11岁儿童学校适应的关系

通过问卷调查法追踪考察了童年早期到中期母亲教养方式的稳定性和变化,以及童年早中期母亲教养方式对11岁儿童学业成绩和学校适应的预测作用。结果发现儿童从2岁到7岁,母亲教养方式在保护担忧、控制两个维度上出现了显著变化,在其余维度上没有发现显著变化。儿童2岁和7岁时,性别能显著预测其11岁时的学校适应问题。儿童2岁时,母亲鼓励和控制的教养方式能显著预测11岁时儿童的学业成绩及害羞焦虑、挫折耐受性、同伴交往等行为和社交问题。儿童7岁时,母亲保护和控制的教养方式能显著预测儿童11岁时的学业成绩、学习问题及害羞焦虑、挫折耐受性、果敢社交等行为和社交问题。     

Adaptive adjustment of vocational aspirations among German youths during the transition from school to work

The transition from school to work is a central developmental task with long-term implications for the financial and social status of individuals. We argue that dynamic adjustments of aspirations play a decisive role for a successful outcome of the school to work transition, particularly in the context of the German vocational training system. Latent growth curve analyses conducted on the self-reported occupational aspirations of German adolescents (N = 414) surveyed in a 5-wave longitudinal study during their senior school year support this assumption. Based on expectancy-value-models of achievement, we delineated an adaptive trajectory of aspirations as starting off with relatively high aspirations and subsequently gradually downgrading them until s is attained. Such a trajectory of adjustment should maximize both expectancy (i.e., probability of obtaining an apprenticeship position at all) and value (i.e., training position with promotion potential). Finally, we showed empirically that the trajectory conceptually proposed as most adaptive was characteristic for youth who reported phase-adequate goal engagement strategies as suggested by the life-span theory of control.     

The relation of cultural context and social relationships to career development in middle school

This study examined the role of supportive relationships (i.e., family, teacher, and peer) and agency (i.e., self-efficacy, motivation, and goal-setting orientation) on three outcomes: academic grades, distress, and career decidedness. Data from 588 middle school youth from Northern (N = 322) and Southern (N = 266) Italy were analyzed using path modeling. Results indicated that across gender and region, agency was consistently related to academic grades and career decidedness. However, the role of supportive relationships was found to differ across gender and region. For both boys from Northern Italy and girls from Southern Italy, the impact of family support on academic grades and career decidedness was mediated by agency. For girls from Northern Italy, family support related directly to academic grades and career decidedness. Implications for practice were described.     

Reducing bias in psychometric assessment of culturally and linguistically diverse students from refugee backgrounds in Australian schools: A process approach

The present article examines a process developed within Brisbane Catholic Education to reduce bias in assessment of students from refugee backgrounds when there is a concern about a possible intellectual disability. Several factors impacting upon assessment are described including previous trauma, language, lack of previous schooling and acculturation difficulties. A proactive process (Support Process for the Assistance and Assessment of Students from Refugee Backgrounds) is described involving broad‐based, longitudinal collection of data by the school psychologist as part of a support team. Factors to consider in conducting standardised psychometric assessments are discussed. Strengths and limitations of this process as well as the need for future research into its effectiveness are summarised.     

In the absence of rose-colored glasses: Ratings of self-attributes and their differential certainty and importance across multiple dimensions in social phobia

Sixty-seven individuals with social phobia (social anxiety disorder) and 60 healthy controls rated their perceived standing relative to others on 13 self-attribute dimensions, their level of certainty concerning those standings, and the importance of each dimension. As expected, individuals with social phobia provided self-ratings that were significantly more negative than controls across all dimensions. In addition, positive self-views were equated with higher levels of certainty and importance for controls, but not for individuals with social phobia. Thus, whereas reports of control participants reflected a healthy, positive framing of self-views, the ratings of clinical participants demonstrated an orientation toward self-framing that was neither positive nor negative. Together, these novel findings shed light on the nature of self-appraisals in social anxiety. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of contemporary cognitive-behavioral models of social phobia.     

Forced choice reaction time paradigm in children with separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and nonanxious controls

Cognitive distortions refer to cognitive processes that are biased and therefore yield dysfunctional and maladaptive products (e.g., interpretation bias). Automatic aspects of information processing need to be considered and investigating these aspects requires forms of assessment other than self-report. Studies focussing on the specificity of cognitive biases across different types of anxiety disorders in childhood are rare. Thus, a forced choice reaction time paradigm with picture stimuli was used to assess the interpretation bias in anxious children online. The study investigated disorder-specific interpretation bias in 71 children with separation anxiety disorder (SAD), 31 children with social phobia, and 42 children without mental disorders, aged 5–13 years. Results indicated that children with SAD rated ambiguous separation pictures as significantly more unpleasant and more arousing than nonanxious children. However, no support was found that children with SAD and social phobia interpret ambiguous separation or social pictures in a more negative way than nonanxious children. Furthermore, no group differences were found in reaction times to all picture categories.