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201.
Jay Powell 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1984,6(1):71-80
Computer simulations of behavior and event records of a child's visual fixation on an adult person were generated and sampled using a modified time sampling procedure. The modified approach required making two independent scoring judgments per observation interval: if the behavior was initiated within the interval, the interval was scored; if the behavior was ongoing precisely at the end of the interval, the interval was again scored. The results showed that the within-interval and end-of-interval scores yielded, respectively, estimates of behavioral frequency and duration. The accuracy of the estimates was a function of the number of observations. Several field studies demonstrated high agreement among observers who employed the measurement system. 相似文献
202.
Roger Wellington 《Psychometrika》1976,41(3):375-384
Generalized symmetric means are redefined in a way which allows them to be calculated for any matrix sampling design. It is proved that these sample gsm's are unbiased estimates of the analogous population gsm's. Illustrative examples are given.This paper is based on Applied Technology Center for Education Technical Memorandum 75-03-01. Special appreciation is expressed to Ken Sirotnik and Tom Knapp for their suggestions on clarifing this presentation. 相似文献
203.
Systems of formal dialectics articulate methods of conflict resolution. To this end they provide norms to regulate verbal exchanges between the Proponent of a thesis and an Opponent. These regulated exchanges constitute what are known as formal discussions.One may ask what moves, if any, in formal discusions correspond to arguing for or against the thesis. It is claimed that certain moves of the Proponent's are properly designated as arguing for the thesis, and that certain moves of the Opponent purport to criticize the tenability or the relevance of the reasons advanced. Thus the usefulness of formal dialectic systems as models for reasonable argument is vindicated.It is then proposed to make these systems more realistic by incorporating in them a norm of Creative Reasoning that removes the severe restrictions to which the Proponent's arguing was hitherto subject. As a consequence, a certain type of irrelevant reason is no longer automatically excluded. Therefore, it is proposed to extend the Opponent's rights to exert relevance criticism. The new dialectic systems are shown to be strategically equivalent to the original ones. Finally, it is stressed that the Opponent's criticism should not be designated as arguing against the thesis. The Opponent criticizes, but does not argue. 相似文献
204.
Robert C. Elston Stephen R. Schroeder Johannes Rojahn 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1982,4(4):299-310
This paper examines a model and defines reasonable assumptions underlying different measures of observer agreement for categorical data collected in free operant situations. It is assumed that two or more observers classify operant behaviors of subjects into occurrences and nonoccurrences by recognition by validated response classes (categories) such that the rates of false positives and observer biases are acceptably low. Thus errors are mostly omissions, i.e., failing to observe events that occur. Four alternative cases are derived, together with formulas for calculating significance tests, variances, and standard errors, three of which do not depend on knowledge of the proportion of time points at which the event does not occur.We wish to acknowledge NICHD Grant HD-10570, The Neuropharmacology of Developmental Disorders, George Breese, Ph.D., and C. T. Gualtieri, M.D., Principal Investigators; NIEHS Grant ES-01104; USPHS Grant HD-03110; and MCH Project 916 to the Division for Disorders of Development and Learning. 相似文献
205.
206.
《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》2017,24(5-6):257-274
In recent years, maintenance, especially its preventive type, has been seen as an effective and considerable factor in improving the functions of machines. Maintenance plays a vital role in organizations by keeping and increasing the reliability, accessibility, the quality of products, risk mitigation, return improvement, and safety. An effective maintenance programme can be realized by implementing a proper maintenance strategy. Therefore, maintenance and its strategies have a special status in industries. However, selecting a proper maintenance strategy has always been a complex process because maintenance is a nonrepetitive task. Likewise, the lack of failure records and constant changes in the conditions of machines makes it further complicated. Hence, the decision‐making also depends on experts' opinions and because some kind of risk and uncertainty are always there in experts evaluations, the reliability of evaluations is questionable. The present study was aimed to develop a risk‐based model grounded on the analytical hierarchical process, namely, RAHP, to meet this need of maintenance. A case study from a steel rolling company was considered to evaluate the effectiveness of this model. 相似文献
207.
208.
中医深植于中国传统文化中,英译过程存在大量文化对应空缺现象,因而中医典籍中文化负载词的翻译成为中医典籍外译的关键步骤和难点。提出了中医文化负载词的识别步骤和选词标准,进而提出中医典籍文化负载词的翻译策略。在中医文化负载词的识别步骤基础上,对中医典籍文化负载词的翻译策略进行了总结:中医药基本名词术语的文化负载词采用直译法;中国物质文化独有词语的负载词采用音译或音译加注;古汉语独有的文化负载词采用省译或意译。目的是通过中医典籍文化负载词的界定和提出的翻译策略推动中医典籍对外传播。 相似文献
209.
The coping strategies employed in response to different types of bullying, by 305 Danish children (142 boys, 163 girls) in school years four to nine (aged 10-15 years), were investigated. Children were classed into four bully-victim status types. A revised version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used for the classification of children, and a Self-Report Coping Measure for the investigation of coping strategies. The coping strategy of Externalizing was used significantly more by children classed as bully/victims compared with victims and not involved children: Seeking Social Support and Internalizing were preferred significantly more by girls, whereas Externalizing was preferred significantly more by boys; Distancing, Seeking Social Support, and Internalizing were favored significantly more by children in years four to six compared with children in years seven to nine. Looking at coping strategies in response to different types of bullying, Seeking Social Support was used significantly more in response to attack on property relative to verbal bullying, social exclusion, and indirect bullying, and Distancing was used significantly less in response to attack on property compared with any of the other types of bullying. The results are discussed in relation to implications for educational practice. 相似文献
210.