领导授权行为的形成机制

领导授权行为通常被视为一种积极的领导行为类型。组织中管理者在授权实施过程中扮演着重要角色, 然而管理者出于维护威权等目的, 不想赋予员工自主权或相应资源的现象大量存在。鉴于此, 越来越多的学者开始探索领导授权行为的影响因素, 但目前研究较为零散, 亟待整合。研究发现：(1)更多的学者强调领导授权行为并非一种稳定的领导风格, 而是领导对不同下属所采取的差异化授权行为; (2)领导授权行为的影响因素可以分为环境因素、领导者因素以及员工因素; (3)领导成员交换理论、信任理论、社会认知理论与授权风险视角是解释领导授权行为形成的重要理论/视角。此外, 基于情境领导理论、CIP领导模型(魅力型-意识形态型-务实型)以及追随理论, 提出了领导授权行为影响因素的未来研究方向。     

When intergroup apology is not enough: Seeking help and reactions to receiving help among members of low status groups

Relations between groups are characterized by competition and suspicion. As a consequence, members of low status groups may question the meaning of apologies offered by a high status group, especially under unstable status relations. In two experiments, the present research investigated the role of the intergroup versus interpersonal apology and the potential moderating effect of the stability of intergroup relations on low status group members' (a) help seeking (Study 1) and (b) responses to receiving help (Study 2) from a high status group. Consistent with our hypotheses, when status relations were unstable rather than stable, following a formal intergroup relative to an interpersonal apology by an Israeli official, Israeli‐Arab students sought less dependency‐oriented and more autonomy‐oriented help from an Israeli‐Jewish study coordinator (Study 1) and Jewish‐Ethiopian newcomers reacted more negatively when they read about an Ethiopian‐Jewish student receiving unsolicited dependency‐oriented help from an Israeli‐Jewish college student (Study 2). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

从父母教育卷入到学业成就:自主支持与自主学习力的链式中介

家长教育卷入是为了提升学生的学业成就,但能否支持学生的自主学习从而提升其自主学习力,可能是提升学业成就的关键环节。研究将与自主学习相关的多种个人内部因素整合为自主学习力,对12万余名中小学生及其家长进行了大规模调查,建构了一个链式中介模型,分析显示父母教育卷入对学生学业成就的影响体现为两条路径:(1)父母主导路径:父母投入通过其自我报告的自主支持对学生学业成就产生显著影响;(2)学生发展路径:学生通过其所感知的父母自主支持提升其自主学习力,进而自主地促进其学业发展。研究提示,如何提高家长对学生“自主学习”的认识和支持能力,是家校协同促进学业发展的一个重要话题,也是保障“双减”不降学业成绩的一项关键举措。     

Autonomie en transition de carrière. Développement d’un modèle et validation d’une échelle originale

IntroductionBased on the observation that autonomy is a fundamental concept in a world of work characterized by many transitions, this paper presents the construction and validation of a model and a scale of autonomy in career transitions.ObjectiveThe scale was developed to measure autonomy during adult career transitions.MethodA series of items was first produced following interviews with experts and employees. Three successive surveys involving 336, 314 and 450 participants made it possible, through item analysis and factor analysis, to reduce the number of items and to build a model composed of 14 items and 4 oblique factors.ResultsAfter confirmatory factor analysis, the data fit the model well and a study of external validity shows strong convergences with other measures of autonomy.ConclusionThe model and the measure of autonomy in career transition can be of great help in supporting employees. It makes it possible to identify the people who are most in difficulty and offers benchmarks to support and train organizations to modulate career paths and strengthen the acquisition of certain resources.     

父亲和母亲自主支持的特点及其与青少年社会适应的关系：自尊的中介作用

采用父母自主支持量表、自尊量表和青少年社会适应状况评估问卷,对1888名青少年进行调查,考察青少年感知到的父亲和母亲自主支持的年级特点,并探查父母自主支持与青少年社会适应的关系,以及自尊在二者关系中的作用。结果发现：（1）青少年感知到父亲和母亲自主支持发展趋势一致,均表现出先下降后上升的趋势,并在初二时期出现拐点。（2）父亲和母亲的自主支持与青少年自尊及社会适应各领域的发展均呈正相关,而且父亲和母亲自主支持的作用不仅具有累加效应,还可以相互补偿。（3）自尊在父亲和母亲自主支持与社会适应之间均起部分中介作用。     

Informed Consent

Summary

This article focuses on informed consent and the components to be reviewed with clients in the first session or as early as possible thereafter. Recent changes that give patients greater autonomy in the treatment process are also presented. The process of obtaining informed consent or informed refusal places a new responsibility on the practitioner. Informed consent as it pertains to clinical practice, supervision and training, and psychological research is also discussed.     

Embodied agents,narrative selves

Recent work on diachronic agency has challenged the predominantly structural or synchronic approach to agency that is characteristic of much of the literature in contemporary philosophical moral psychology. However, the embodied dimensions of diachronic agency continue to be neglected in the literature. This article draws on phenomenological perspectives on embodiment and narrative conceptions of the self to argue that diachronic agency and selfhood are anchored in embodiment. In doing so, the article also responds to Diana Meyers' recent work on corporeal selfhood.     

The Accuracy of Human Decisions and Objective Measurements in Psychophysiological Detection of Knowledge

I examined the relative detection efficiency of three measurements—skin resistance response (SRR) amplitude, respiration line length (RLL), and human respiration response evaluation (RRE)—in a guilty knowledge experiment. Thirty-two subjects were presented with lists of personal information in which only one of five items was correct. Subjects were instructed to try to avoid detection of the relevant items in the polygraph test. All three measurements discriminated better than chance between relevant and neutral items, with the objectively measured SRR and RLL superior to the subjective RRE. When SRR and RLL were compared for their relative efficiency, the former yielded better detection. The differentiation was even better with a measure that combined the SRR and the RLL. The results are discussed with respect to previous findings and practical implications.     

Determinants of physical activity among patients with type 2 diabetes: the role of perceived autonomy support,autonomous motivation and self-care competence

Based on self-determination theory (SDT), this study investigated, whether the three central SDT variables (perceived autonomy support, autonomous motivation and self-care competence), were associated with engagement in physical activity (PA) among patients with type 2 diabetes when the effect of a wide variety of other important life-context factors (perceived health, medication, duration of diabetes, mental health, stress and social support) was controlled for. Patients from five municipalities in Finland with registry-based entitlement to a special reimbursement for medicines used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (n = 2866, mean age 63 years, 56% men) participated in this mail survey in 2011. Of all measured explanatory factors, autonomous motivation was most strongly associated with engagement in PA. Autonomous motivation mediated the effect of perceived autonomy support on patients’ PA. Thus, perceived autonomy support (from one’s physician) was associated with the patient’s PA through autonomous motivation. This result is in line with SDT. Interventions for improved diabetes care should concentrate on supporting patients’ autonomous motivation for PA. Internalizing the importance of good self-care seems to give sufficient energy to maintain a physically active lifestyle.