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501.
Anger and aggression on the roads is associated with how drivers evaluate the driving situation and the behaviour of other drivers. Consequently, both can be exacerbated when these evaluations are made superficially and/or when drivers have pre-existing negative schemas regarding certain types of road situations or users. Mindfulness is likely to have negative associations with anger and aggression because it promotes opposing appraisals. That is, it encourages emotion-regulation and involves acceptance of, but not reaction to, the current situation. To examine these associations, a total of 309 drivers responded to an online questionnaire assessing mindfulness, driving anger and aggressive driving. The results showed that mindfulness shared negative relationships with driving anger and self-reported aggressive driving. However, when these relationships were examined simultaneously using Structural Equation Modelling, mindfulness was found to relate only to anger and this, in turn, predicted aggressive driving. Further analysis showed that driving anger mediates the relationship between mindfulness and aggressive driving. These results suggest that mindfulness training may provide a promising intervention for drivers prone to driving anger and subsequent aggression. 相似文献
502.
Cory D. Wright 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2013,91(2):265-283
Functionalists about truth employ Ramsification to produce an implicit definition of the theoretical term true, but doing so requires determining that the theory introducing that term is itself true. A variety of putative dissolutions to this problem of epistemic circularity are shown to be unsatisfactory. One solution is offered on functionalists' behalf, though it has the upshot that they must tread on their anti-pluralist commitments. 相似文献
503.
Psychological and social identity-related factors have been shown to influence drivers’ behaviors toward pedestrians, but no previous studies have examined the potential for drivers’ racial bias to impact yielding behavior with pedestrians. If drivers’ yielding behavior results in differential behavior toward Black and White pedestrians, this may lead to disparate pedestrian crossing experiences based on race and potentially contribute to disproportionate safety outcomes for minorities. We tested the hypothesis that drivers’ yielding behavior is influenced by pedestrians’ race in a controlled field experiment at an unsignalized midblock marked crosswalk in downtown Portland, Oregon. Six trained male research team participants (3 White, 3 Black) simulated an individual pedestrian crossing, while trained observers cataloged the number of cars that passed and the time until a driver yielded. Results (88 pedestrian trials, 173 driver-subjects) revealed that Black pedestrians were passed by twice as many cars and experienced wait times that were 32% longer than White pedestrians. Results support the hypothesis that minority pedestrians experience discriminatory treatment by drivers at crosswalks. 相似文献
504.
Justin Clarke-Doane 《Canadian journal of philosophy》2017,47(6):841-855
Scanlon’s Being Realistic about Reasons is a beautiful book – sleek, sophisticated, and programmatic. One of its key aims is to demystify knowledge of normative and mathematical truths, realistically construed – i.e. construed, roughly, as being true relevantly independent of minds and languages, when interpreted at face-value. In this article, I develop an epistemological problem that Scanlon fails to explicitly address. I argue that his ‘metaphysical pluralism’ can be understood as a response to that problem. However, it resolves the problem only if it undercuts the objectivity of normative and mathematical inquiry. 相似文献
505.
Yueng-Hsiang Huang Peter Y. Chen Autumn D. Krauss D. Apryl Rogers 《Journal of business and psychology》2004,18(4):483-506
To reduce the risk of injury and promote job safety, many organizations have attempted to establish safety policies. This study examined the presumed benefits of safety policies and the roles of two organizational variables (supervisor safety support and employee safety control) on safety outcomes and satisfaction with the company. Results showed that quality of the execution of corporate safety policies, supervisor safety support, and employee safety control play critical roles in predicting both injury incidence and satisfaction with the company. These findings highlight the importance of integrating both organizational safety policies and relevant organizational constructs to improve organizational safety. 相似文献
506.
汪明灯 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2011,(7):1-2,48
随着重症医学的发展,重症医学科暴露的患者安全问题已逐步引起人们关注。重症医学科患者安全问题与医务人员职业倦怠、医患关系、团队合作、科室管理等因素密切相关,提高科室高效管理、加强团队建设、提高人文素养等措施是重要有效的解决办法。 相似文献
507.
Neighborhood violence is a persistent source of danger, stress, and other adverse outcomes for urban youth. We examined how 140 African American and Latino adolescents coped with neighborhood danger in low, medium, and high crime neighborhoods throughout Chicago. Participants reported using a range of coping strategies (measured via a modified version of the Ways of Coping Scale; R. S. Lazarus & S. Folkman, 1984). In low and medium crime rate areas, using confrontive strategies was significantly correlated with increased exposure to violence, and no strategies were associated with perceptions of safety. Coping strategies were associated with perceived safety to a substantial degree only in high crime neighborhoods, and none were associated with exposure to violence. A k means cluster analysis identified groups that differed in coping profiles and varied in rates of exposure to violence. Moderating effects of gender, ethnicity, and neighborhood were found for both person level and variable level analyses. 相似文献
508.
Kemper B 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(2):303-309
Mass casualty attacks in recent years have demonstrated the need to include “evil intent” as a design consideration. Three
recent actual or potential weapons of mass destruction (WMD) attacks did not involve nuclear bombs or other devices designed
as weapons, but rather benign objects used with evil intent. Just as unplanned events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires,
and user misuse have been codified into design requirements based on the likelihood and potential impact of the event, “evil
intent” has to become part of the design process for buildings, vehicles, equipment, and other items. The endstate should
be reasonable additions to existing codes and standards such that it is clear what is and is not designed for. In the absence
of specific design guidance, professionals with appropriate expertise can assess potential for “evil intent” and provide recommendations
to design out or warn against this potential harm to public safety, particularly when codified requirements are not present.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the “Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology” meeting,
New Orleans, 2003.
Author Note: Bart Kemper, PE, is the principal engineer for Kemper Imageering, Inc. A significant portion of his work has been involved
in industrial equipment design, product design, and the design and analysis of different security devices as well as performing
simulations, computer modelling, reliability studies, blast analyses, and FMEA analyses on commercial equipment, including
marine, offshore, and industrial facilities. He is also a US Army Reserve captain in the Corps of Engineers and was mobilized
and deployed overseas in February 2003 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom as a member of the 412th Engineer Command, headquartered in Vicksburg, Mississippi. A significant portion of his duties involved reviewing intelligence,
analyzing potential courses of action, and evaluating risks with regard to Iraqi and Coalition activities in the northern
Iraqi oilfields as well as base camp design and infrastructure engineering. This paper is unclassified and has been cleared
for publication. 相似文献
509.
Eugenia Gras M Cunill M Planes M Sullman MJ Oliveras C 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2003,36(2):249-251
A variation of the ABAB experimental design was used to assess the impact of a verbal prompt on safety-belt use for those traveling by urban roads and highways in Spain. The personal prompt resulted in an increase (29.6%) in safety-belt use among drivers traveling on urban roads. This research shows that the impact of personal prompts can be generalized to cultures outside the United States. 相似文献
510.
An in-vehicle information system (IVIS) was used to videotape drivers (N = 61) without their knowledge while driving 22 miles in normal traffic. The drivers were told that they were participating in a study of direction following and map reading. Two data-coding procedures were used to analyze videotapes. Safety-related behaviors were counted during consecutive 15-s intervals of a driving trial, and the occurrence of certain safety-related behaviors was assessed under critical conditions. These two methods of data coding were assessed for practicality, reliability, and sensitivity. Interobserver agreement for the five different driving behaviors ranged from 85% to 95%. Within-subject variability in safe driving was more pronounced among younger drivers and decreased as a function of age. Contrary to previous research that has relied on self-reports, driver risk taking did not vary significantly as a function of gender. These results are used to illustrate the capabilities of the technology introduced here to design and evaluate behavior-analytic interventions to increase safe driving. 相似文献