什么是宗教对话的准则?——特雷西《与他者对话》述评

今天宗教对话随着文明对话的呼声日益高涨。美国芝加哥大学教授特雷西所著的《与他者对话》以伽达默尔对话诠释学为基本方法,通过处理基督教信息与现代普世多元宗教处境的关系,致力于建构一种宗教对话的准则学。特雷西将在差异与冲突中的对话和团结作为最佳盼望,将批判和存疑作为构成对话的必要条件。他将聚焦于他者作为宗教对话准则的看法,这无疑对当今宗教对话的继续展开具有一定的启发意义。     

经验回顾评价中峰-终定律的检验

通过两个实验对经验回顾评价的峰终定律进行检验。实验1借鉴Fredrickson和Kahneman(1993)的实验范式,选取积极和消极视频各6个,要求40名中国大学生边看边评价,看完后给出回顾评价。实验2采用现场研究的方法,要求72名大学生,在黄金周假期中每天晚上评价当天的快乐程度,并分别在假期刚结束后,结束后三周和七周三个时间水平上回顾整个黄金周的快乐程度。结论:短时间内经验回顾评价符合峰-终定律,而长时间内经验回顾评价不符合峰-终定律。     

风险决策过程验证：补偿/非补偿模型之争的新认识与新证据

风险决策是人类赖以生存和发展的重大决策。如何进行风险决策是人类不断认识和改造世界过程中遇到的未解之谜。主流风险理论认为, 风险决策是一个补偿性的、期望值最大化的过程; 而非主流的风险理论则认为, 风险决策是非补偿性的, 并不遵循期望法则所假设的加权求和等过程。这一谜团为何一直没有得以破解, 或许是因为我们未找到揭示其心理过程的令人信服的证据。近10年来, 我们针对风险决策过程, 借助行为实验、眼动记录法、事件相关电位、功能磁共振成像等技术, 系统探索风险决策的心理和神经机制, 为回答“风险决策是否遵循补偿性规则”这一问题提供了汇聚性证据。本文依据期望法则所假设的概率函数推导、加权过程、加权求和过程、总分最大化等步骤, 对这些研究进行梳理与回顾, 以期加深人们对风险决策机制的理解, 并为建立、健全与风险决策相关的政策、法律法规提供理论依据。     

基于等级反应模型的规则空间方法

本研究基于Tatsuoka的规则空间方法, 对理想反应模式与异常反应指标进行了扩展, 推导了多级评分项目下规则空间方法的算法公式。在4种属性层级结构(发散型、收敛型、线型与无结构型)×4种“失误”作答概率(2%、5%、10%与15%)测验情境下, 以属性模式判准率、被试属性判准率、敏感性与特异性为指标, 检验了多级评分项目下规则空间方法的分类准确性。结果表明：(1) 基于多级评分项目构建的异常反应指标, 能有效地对被试进行分类与解释, 且0-1评分项目下异常反应指标及其性质都是多级评分下的特例; (2) 随着“失误”作答概率的增加, 4种属性层级结构的分类准确性都会降低; (3) 线型和收敛型的分类准确性明显好于发散型与无结构型; (4) 纯规则点的分布对规则空间方法的分类准确性有显著影响。     

变长CD-CAT中的曝光控制与终止规则

本研究借鉴传统计算机化自适应测验的思想, 并结合认知诊断的特点, 在认知诊断框架下提出了4种变长CD-CAT的终止规则, 分别是属性标准误法(SEA)、邻近后验概率之差法(DAPP)、二等分法(HA)以及混合法(HM)。在未控制曝光和采用不同曝光控制条件下, 与HSU法及KL法进行了比较。研究结果表明：(1) 终止条件越严格, 平均测验长度越长, 按测验长度最大值终止的测验百分比越大, 模式判准率越高。(2) 当未加入曝光控制时, 4种新的终止规则均有较好表现, 与HSU法十分接近。随着最大后验概率预设值的增加或e的减小, 模式判准率呈上升趋势, 平均测验长度逐渐增加, 但在题库使用率方面均较差。(3) 当加入项目曝光控制时, 6种变长终止规则下的题库使用率有了极大的提升, 仍能保持较高的模式判准率, 并且不同的曝光控制方法对终止规则的影响是不同的。其中, 相对标准终止规则极易受到曝光控制方法的影响。(4) 综合来看, SEA、HM以及HA法在各项指标上的表现与HSU法基本一致, 其次为KL法和DAPP法。     

“Being Masculine is not About who you Sleep with...:” Heterosexual Athletes Contesting Masculinity and the One-time Rule of Homosexuality

Using in-depth interviews and participant observations, I examine how two groups of heterosexual high school US football players alter differently the construction of heterosexuality and masculinity after joining collegiate cheerleading. First, I show that informants from both groups make masculinity accessible to gay men before next describing how they reconcile heterosexuality with limited forms of same-sex sex. Forty-percent of the heterosexual men I interview confirm engaging in same-sex sex, although they differently frame the requirements for it. I suggest these findings have various meaning for the relationship between sexuality and masculinity, as both groups somewhat strengthen and contest the borders of heterosexuality and masculinity. These findings beckon consideration as to how the relationship among sport, sexuality, and homophobia is changing.     

小学生"去括号"运算规则的样例学习

为了考察小学生样例学习能力的发展和完整与不完整样例以及样例分类作业对样例学习效果的影响,作者采用完整和不完整样例以及"不完整样例-分类"三种学习作业,对270名3-5年级小学生学习"去括号"运算规则的效果进行了实验研究.结果表明:小学生"去括号"运算规则样例学习的能力随年级的增长而提高;样例分类作业对小学生学习"去括号"运算规则具有促进作用;不同类型的样例对学习不同难度的"去括号"运算规则的学习效果不同.     

The role of overt and covert self-rules in establishing a daily living skill in adults with mild developmental disabilities

The purpose of the current study was to explore the use of overt and covert self-rules in the acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of a chained task by adults with mild developmental disabilities. This research differed from previous research in that the experimenter did not deliver reinforcement for correct responses during training, and we examined the correspondence between each self-rule statement and each subsequent response on each trial. Results showed that the self-rules participated in control over participants' responding, in that the skill was acquired and shown to generalize in the absence of experimenter-delivered reinforcement. Moreover, performance was shown to deteriorate when the emission of overt, but not covert, self-rules was blocked.     

Peak-End rule versus average utility: How utility aggregation affects evaluations of experiences

The “Peak-End rule” which averages only the most extreme (Peak) and the final (End) impressions, is often a better predictor of overall evaluations of experiences than average impressions. We investigate the similarity between the evaluations of experiences based on Peak-End and average impressions. We show that the use of the Peak-End rule in cross-experience comparisons can be compatible with preferences for experiences that are better on average. Two conditions are shown to make rankings of experiences similar regardless of the aggregation rule: (i) the individual heterogeneity in the perception of stimuli, and (ii) the persistence in impressions. We describe their effects theoretically, and obtain empirical estimates using data from previous research. Higher estimates are shown to increase correlational measures of association between the Peak-End and average impressions. The high association per se is shown to be not only a theoretical possibility, but an empirical fact.     

意见收敛定理与休谟问题

意见收敛定理是主观主义概率论的一条重要定理,它表明随着证据的增加,验前概率的主观性将被验后概率的客观性所代替。意见收敛定理被看作主观概率的动态合理性原则,因而被用来解决休谟问题,即归纳合理性问题。然而,哈金有说服力地表明,意见收敛定理证明的是条件概率Pr（h／e）的收敛,而不是验后概率Pre（h）的收敛。主观主义概率论暗中接受的一个等式是：Pre（h）=Pr（h／e）,通常称之为“条件化规则”。这样,归纳法的合理性问题变成条件化规则的合理性问题。为此,本文提出一个新的合理性原则,即“最少初始概率原则”,将它同“局部合理性”观念结合起来便可为条件化规则的合理性加以辩护。