行为表现与言语报告:3～5岁儿童的一级观点采择(英文)

为考察3~5岁儿童一级观点采择的行为表现与言语报告之间的潜在差异,本研究采用"单面镜"范式设计了两个实验。实验1中,54名儿童成对与实验者一起完成观点采择游戏,逻辑回归分析结果表明3-5岁儿童的行为表现不存在显著差异(B=?0.225,Wald=0.38,p=0.541)。方差分析也没有发现儿童的行为表现和言语报告存在差异。由于实验1中的编码系统存在一些局限,并且缺少对儿童偏好的控制,因此在实验2中进行了改进。实验2选择了另外60名3~5岁儿童完成藏玩具游戏。方差分析发现了实验范式类型(行为表现或言语报告)、年龄和性别的三因素交互作用(F(2,48)=3.55,p=0.037,η2=0.13)。结果表明随着年龄增加,男孩与女孩一级观点采择的行为表现都显著提高,而男孩言语报告的提高程度显著低于女孩。总体而言,考察儿童一级观点采择时,行为表现可能比言语报告提供更多信息。     

The surprisingly low motivational power of future rewards: Comparing conventional money-based measures of discounting with motivation-based measures

Temporal discount rates are often poor predictors of behaviors that we expect will be motivated by the future. The current research suggests this may be because conventional discounting measures are poor measures of the motivational value of future rewards. In six studies, I develop motivation-based measures of the present value (PV) of future rewards and compare the PVs obtained with those obtained using conventional money-based discounting measures. Conventional money-based PVs consistently overestimate motivation-based PVs and are discriminable from them. I explore explanations for this mismatch, including timing of effort exertion (Study 2) and loss aversion (Study 3), both features of the motivation-based measures. In Study 5, I use self-reports of valuation strategies and a time pressure manipulation to demonstrate that participants use different valuation strategies in the conventional money-based and the motivation-based measures that, in part, determine the difference in PVs obtained and the relatively low correspondence between them.     

The relationship between indecisiveness and eye movement patterns in a decision making informational search task

Indecisiveness is a trait‐related general tendency to experience decision difficulties across a variety of situations, leading to decision delay, worry, and regret. Indecisiveness is proposed (Rassin, 2007) to be associated with an increase in desire for information acquisition and reliance on compensatory strategies—as evidenced by alternative‐based information search—during decision making. However existing studies provide conflicting findings. We conducted an information board study of indecisiveness, using eye tracking methodology, to test the hypotheses that the relationship between indecisiveness and choice strategy depends on being in the early stage of the decision making process, and that it depends on being in the presence of an opportunity to delay choice. We found strong evidence for the first hypothesis in that indecisive individuals changed shift behavior from the first to the second half of the task, consistent with a move from greater to lesser compensatory processing, while the shift behavior of decisive individuals suggested lesser compensatory processing over the whole task. Indecisiveness was also related to time spent viewing attributes of the selected course, and to time spent looking away from decision information. These findings resolve past discrepancies, suggest an interesting account of how the decision process unfolds for indecisive versus decisive individuals, and contribute to a better understanding of this tendency. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗菌药物使用中的伦理辨析

抗菌药物合理使用是人与微生物伦理关系的要求,是社会资源优化使用的重要内容并普惠与民。抗菌药物合理使用恰是良好医患关系注释。医疗政策、医院管理对抗菌药物合理使用影响不可替代,医生应主动介入且有社会广泛参与的伦理讨论对抗菌药物合理使用意义重大。     

消化系统疾病与精神心理因素的辩证关系

消化系统疾病与精神心理因素相互影响,其相互作用呈现个体化差异,这与个体间的内环境以及外环境差别有关。主要病理生理学机制之一为"脑-肠轴"及"脑肠互动"学说。临床医生需要认识到二者之间辩证关系的普遍性和重要性,及时发现躯体症状背后潜藏的精神心理问题,综合运用各种心理干预和药物治疗手段。     

重复异位妊娠的临床处理策略

为了探讨重复异位妊娠适宜的临床治疗方案,对2006年1月至2006年12月我科收治的251例异位妊娠中42例重复异位妊娠患者的资料进行回顾性分析,资料显示:重复异位妊娠的发病率为16.7%(42/251),平均发病年龄30.7岁,42例患者中异位妊娠部位与上次发生在同侧输卵管12例,对侧输卵管30例,两次异位妊娠发生间隔的时间最短为2个月,最长为9年,平均3.2年。其中10例为第3次异位妊娠。此次患病手术治疗25例,包括切除输卵管13例,保守性手术12例。因盆腔炎症和保守性手术是重复异位妊娠的危险因素,预防和彻底治疗盆腔炎症是降低重复异位妊娠发生的重要手段,采取保守性治疗或保守性手术时应慎重考虑其对患者将来生育和心理的影响。     

异位妊娠临床诊疗中的策略与决策

通过异位妊娠的发病率,诊断及治疗中的注意事项,治疗方法的选择的分析,探讨异位妊娠的临床诊断及治疗的策略与决策。为了提高异位妊娠的诊断率、减少误诊率,需要建立合理的临床思维方法和科学的处理程序,为异位妊娠的临床诊断及治疗,提供科学的临床决策方法。     

Cognitive diagnosis models for multiple strategies

Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) have been used as psychometric tools in educational assessments to estimate students’ proficiency profiles. However, most CDMs assume that all students adopt the same strategy when approaching problems in an assessment, which may not be the case in practice. This study develops a generalized multiple-strategy CDM for dichotomous response data. The proposed model provides a unified framework to accommodate various condensation rules (e.g., conjunctive, disjunctive, and additive) and different strategy selection approaches (i.e., probability-matching, over-matching, and maximizing). Model parameters are estimated using the marginal maximum likelihood estimation via expectation-maximization algorithm. Simulation studies showed that the parameters of the proposed model can be adequately recovered and that the proposed model was relatively robust to some types of model misspecifications. A set of real data was analysed as well to illustrate the use of the proposed model in practice.     

让自适应测验更知人善选——基于推荐系统的选题策略

基于推荐系统中协同过滤推荐的思想, 提出两种可以利用已有答题者数据的CAT选题策略：直接基于答题者推荐(DEBR)和间接基于答题者推荐(IEBR)。通过两个模拟研究, 在不同题库和不同长度的测验中, 比较了两种推荐选题策略与两种传统选题策略(FMI和BAS)在测量精度和对题目曝光率控制上的表现, 以及影响推荐选题策略表现的因素。结果发现：两种推荐选题策略对题目曝光率的控制优于两种传统选题策略, 测量精度不亚于BAS方法, 其中DEBR侧重选题精度, IEBR对题目曝光率控制最好。已有答题者数据的特点和质量是影响推荐选题策略表现的主要因素。     

Therapist activities preceding therapy setbacks in a poor-outcome case

Progress in psychotherapy is typically irregular, as advances alternate with setbacks. This study investigated the therapist’s activities prior to two main types of setbacks, one involving the client following therapist proposals and one involving the client failing to follow from therapist proposals, in the case of a poor-outcome client treated with a linguistically-oriented kind of cognitive therapy. Setbacks were defined as decreases of at least one level on an index of therapeutic progress, the 8-level Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES), in adjacent client passages. Therapist activities were coded in 361 setback episodes that each included a client pre-setback passage, a therapist passage, and a client setback passage; both client passages had been previously rated on the APES. The main categories of therapist activities showed distinctive patterns in relation to the two main types of setbacks, the therapeutic zone of proximal development and the balance strategy. The two main patterns were described as an exploratory and a challenging configuration. These patterns of therapist activities and setbacks showed how the therapist seemed to persevere with approach-guided interventions while this poor-outcome client continued to have setbacks to low APES levels.