浅谈脂肪肝的诊治策略

脂肪肝已成为威胁国人健康仅次于病毒性肝炎的第二大肝病。通过对脂肪肝发病机制、发病原因、诊断方法和防治措施的深入研究,能够确定行之有效的诊治策略。针对病因和(或)诱因进行预防,走出在脂肪肝治疗上的误区,对遏制脂肪肝的日益严重的发病趋势和降低医疗费用有着十分重要的意义。     

加减法问题大小效应的加工机制

有关问题大小效应的加工机制存在两类不同的解释。初期的提取理论认为,问题大小效应是由算术知识的储存表征的各种特征所决定的。后期研究开始关注如计数、分解这样的非提取策略在问题大小效应形成中的作用,认为大问题任务中更低的提取效率和非提取加工效率以及更多采用非提取策略都会造成算术任务的问题大小效应。由于加法和减法中使用的各种加工策略的比重不同,所以表现为不同形式的问题大小效应。今后研究应该考虑采用不同的研究手段,并统一划分大问题和小问题的标准     

The Effect of Decision Strategy on Deciding to Defer Choice

Recent research has examined consumer decision making when the option of not choosing any of the alternatives is also provided. The findings from this research suggest that the decision to defer choice is sensitive to the uncertainty of choosing the most preferred option from the set of alternatives provided. Building on this research, the author tests whether the decision to defer choice is also influenced by task variables that influence decision uncertainty. In the first experiment, this proposition is tested for choice problems in which information on three relatively equally attractive alternatives is presented either sequentially or simultaneously. As predicted, the preference for the defer-choice option was greater when the three alternatives were presented simultaneously. A second study forced subjects into using one of four decision strategies in order to choose between two non-dominated alternatives. The preference for the no-choice option was found to be higher when the rule required explicit attribute tradeoffs and lower when it simplified choice. These results suggest that choice uncertainty is influenced by the decision strategy used to determine the preference among alternatives. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the results for marketers' communication strategies.     

项目突显方式对视觉搜索策略的影响

搜索策略是将视觉注意导引到目标最可能出现位置的直接认知控制。本研究采用眼动跟踪技术与视觉搜索时间——鼠标点击时间的分离技术,探讨计算机视觉界面不同项目突显方式下的搜索策略问题。结果表明：（1）有无项目突显方式、不同的突显有效性水平,被试采用了导向式和序列式两种不同的搜索策略;（2）被试采用导向式搜索策略时,被试在第一个感兴趣区域首注视点百分比小于58.3％,在视觉搜索过程中的注视点数量明显较小、扫视轨迹长度和注视时间明显较少;（3）被试采用序列式搜索策略时,被试在第一个感兴趣区域首注视点百分比大于58.3％,在视觉搜索过程中的注视点数量明显较多、扫视轨迹长度和注视时间明显较长;（4）采用导向式的视觉搜索策略能显著减少被试的视觉搜索时间,提高视觉搜索的绩效,但不能显著减少被试的鼠标点击时间;（5）因为视觉界面上突显的设置改变了用户的搜索策略,所以提高了视觉搜索绩效。     

数学焦虑对儿童加减法认知策略选择和执行的影响

根据数学焦虑量表测查结果,随机选取90名小学1~3年级的儿童为被试,每个年级30人(高、低数学焦虑者各15人).采用实验法、观察法和口语报告法相结合的方式,探讨不同数学焦虑水平儿童加减法认知策略选择和执行情况.结果发现:(1)从策略选择上看,高数学焦虑儿童使用出声策略和手势策略较多;使用对位策略较少.(2)从策略执行上看,高数学焦虑儿童出声策略、手势策略和拆十策略执行的正确率较高;竖式策略和对位策略执行的正确率较低;(3)随着儿童年级的增长,数学焦虑对其策略选择的影响越来越显著.     

全球与中国医药领先企业技术创新战略模式比较研究

首次从各个角度全面系统的比较并剖析了中国与全球医药领先企业技术创新战略模式的异同,指出中国不应该照搬全球医药领先企业的模式,而应该结合国家和企业的实际情况,建立有利于企业可持续发展的技术创新战略模式.     

Effects of mood states on information processing strategies: Two studies of automatic and controlled processing using misattribution paradigms

To test the hypothesis that a positive mood facilitates automatic processing and a negative mood facilitates controlled processing, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, after positive or negative mood was induced, participants rated the attractiveness of products while listening to a music tape that they were told would have the effect of inducing a positive, negative, or neutral mood. As predicted, augmentation effects were clearer in the negative mood condition than in the positive mood condition. In Experiment 2, participants were first presented with lists of names of non-famous Japanese companies either once or four times. One or two days later, they were presented with these names again, together with new names, and were asked to judge whether those names were famous or-non-famous. As predicted, subjects in a positive mood showed more false fame judgments than those in a negative mood because those in a positive mood did not control their feeling of familiarity correctly. These results indicated that those in positive moods are more likely to engage in automatic processing.     

运动视觉中行为控制策略研究

当人穿越杂乱的环境到达一个目标时,可以利用多种信息源进行行为控制,这些信息既包括物理信息又包括视觉信息,人们有选择地利用各种信息或信息的整合控制计时行为。本文阐述了不同运动条件下如步行运动、拦截行为、飞行运动和驾驶运动观察者所使用的行为控制策略,这些控制策略与各种信息源密切相关并依赖于特定的任务。     

迎接医学人文学科发展的春天

我国医学人文学科的发展与我国的改革开放同步 ,在 2 0世纪 80年代末期到 90年代初曾经经历过一个发展高潮 ,但进入 90年代中期之后 ,随着第一批为我国医学人文学科建立作出卓越贡献的专家学者相继进入退休年龄而退出这一领域之后 ,医学人文科学的研究进入停滞阶段。今年SARS的发生暴露了我国公共卫生建设方面的失误 ,也引发了理论界的深刻反思。公共卫生投入不足、预防保健工作松软乏力 ,与我们对医学目的的认识以及卫生发展理论方面存在误区不无关系。由SARS所引发的公共卫生事件说明公共卫生决不是单纯的医学问题 ,它关系到国家的安全、影响到经济发展 ,需要从国家发展战略的角度来认识和全社会共同参与建设 ,这就为医学人文学科的发展提供了难得的契机     

Asymmetrical sample training produces asymmetrical retention functions in feature-present/feature-absent matching in pigeons

Pigeons were trained in a matching task in which samples involved presentation of a white line on a green background (feature-present) or on an otherwise dark key (feature-absent). After asymmetrical training in which one group was initially trained with the feature-present sample and another was initially trained with the feature-absent sample, marked retention asymmetries were obtained. In both groups, accuracy dropped precipitously on trials involving the initially trained sample and remained high on trials involving the sample introduced second in training. It was concluded that asymmetrical training encouraged a single-code/default strategy in which only the sample trained initially was coded. Consistent with this conclusion, changing attributes of either sample reduced accuracy to a greater extent in pigeons initially trained with that sample than in pigeons for which that sample was introduced second in training.