元情绪的研究现状与展望

元情绪作为情绪智力的核心,是决定个体身心健康的必要条件.为系统考察元情绪的研究现状,采用定性和定量相结合的方式回顾以往研究,即先采用文献计量学的方法定量分析该领域研究的概况,然后在此基础上,对研究的具体内容从概念界定、测量工具和相关因素研究三个方面作进一步系统梳理.最后,对以往研究进行了总结和展望,为今后研究提供借鉴.     

助人情境中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展

研究选取北京市某幼儿园3~6岁幼儿共118名作为研究对象。以助人任务为实验情境,设置了慷慨施恩者VS吝啬者（情境一）、施恩者VS好人（情境二）和传承知恩图报意识（情境三）三种情境,研究幼儿在三种不同助人情境下知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄及发展趋势。结果表明,在情境一和情境二中的知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄为5岁;情境三中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄推测为6岁以后。各情境下知恩图报意识随年龄增长而提升。     

描述信息与经验不一致对个体风险选择的影响：决策模型的拟合

采用描述−经验冲突范式,考察损益情境下,描述信息与经验不一致对个体风险选择的影响,通过模型拟合探究其内在机制。研究1a和研究1b采用单因素被试间设计,自变量为描述信息与经验不一致程度,因变量为风险选项选择率。结果发现,获益情境中,描述信息与经验不一致程度的主效应不显著;而损失情境中,风险选项选择率受到显著影响。研究2比较决策模型参数发现,获益情境中,描述信息权重参数ξ和选择一致性参数c显著小于损失情境,而近因参数φ显著大于损失情境。这表明,当描述信息与经验不一致时,相对于获益情境,损失情境下个体更大程度地采用描述信息进行决策。研究揭示了损益情境中描述信息与经验不一致影响个体风险选择的机制。     

飞行员情境认知的模糊综合评判

借用环境科学中环境质量评价的概念和方法,建立了飞行员情境认知的多级模糊综合评判模型,并用该模型对飞行员的情境认知进行了综合评判。研究表明,用模糊综合评判方法评价飞行员的情境认知可以提供真实、全面的飞行认知信息,为飞行员的训练有效性及安全性提供可靠依据。     

时间人格的结构与功能

时间人格是个体对时间情境稳定的适应倾向及能力特征, 其主要功能是适应时间情境并影响身心健康。已有的研究从时间洞察力、时间定向、时间管理、时间紧迫感、拖延性等方面对时间人格进行了探讨, 最近的研究则转向构建综合的时间人格结构模型。本文针对时间概念、时间人格概念和研究范式的争论, 提出未来的研究应继续完善时间人格结构模型, 加强外部影响因素研究, 补充过程研究、质性研究和跨文化研究, 并在进化论、文化学和脑科学方面获取支持。     

Young infants' vocalizations towards mother versus stranger: associations with the infant–mother relationship

Infants' differential vocal response (DVR) towards their mother and a female stranger at 3 months of age has been predominantly investigated as an index of early cognitive functioning. The present study explored the relationship between DVR and different infant and mother indicators of the developing relationship quality in a sample of 23 mother–infant dyads. Mother–infant interactions and stranger–infant interactions were videotaped during home visits when the infants were 3 months old. At the age of 12 months, infants' behaviour was assessed in the Ainsworth's strange situation. In both assessments, mothers noted the infants' behavioural states on 3 successive days. Results revealed a specific relation between DVR and the emotional atmosphere of the early mother–infant interaction. Particularly, DVR was less pronounced in favour of the mother when the mother displayed emotional expressions defined as rejection. DVR is discussed as an index that may indicate both infant emotional engagement and infant cognitive competencies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The flow of narrative in the mind unmoored: An account of narrative processing

Verbal narratives provide incomplete information and can be very long, yet readers and hearers often effortlessly fill in the gaps and make connections across long stretches of text, sometimes even finding this immersive. How is this done? In the last few decades, event-indexing situation modeling and complementary accounts of narrative emotion have suggested answers. Despite this progress, comparisons between real-life perception and narrative experience might underplay the way narrative processing modifies our world model, as well as the role of the emotions that do not relate to characters. I reframe narrative experience in predictive processing and neural networks, capturing continuity between fiction, perception, and states like dreaming and imagination, enabled by the flexible instantiation of concepts. In this framework, narrative experience is more clearly revealed as a creative experience that can share some of the phenomenology of dreams.     

The Near-Death Experience Content (NDE-C) scale: Development and psychometric validation

As interest grows in near-death experiences (NDEs), it is increasingly important to accurately identify them to facilitate empirical research and reproducibility among assessors. We aimed (1) to reassess the psychometric properties of the NDE scale developed by Greyson (1983) and (2) to validate the Near-Death Experience Content (NDE-C) scale that quantifies NDEs in a more complete way. Internal consistency, construct and concurrent validity analyses were performed on the NDE scale. Based on those results and the most recent empirical evidence, we then developed a new 20-item scale. Internal consistency, explanatory and confirmatory factor, concurrent and discriminant validity analyses were conducted. Results revealed (1) a series of weaknesses in the NDE scale, (2) a 5-factor structure covering relevant dimensions and the very good psychometric properties of the NDE-C scale, including very good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.85) and concurrent validity (correlations above 0.76). This new reliable scale should facilitate future research.     

虚拟情境测验研究

该文从虚拟情境和心理测量两个方面规划了场帚式、游戏式、投射式三种虚拟情境测验样式；从科学技术层、心理情感层、操作互动层等方面对虚拟情境测验做出心理学分析；文章最后提出创立网络环境下虚拟情境测验的当代数学模型的设想。     

Communication,reflexivity and harm principle: what might an ideal speech situation look like in responsibility to protect?

ABSTRACT

Previous accounts of International Relations research have extensively focused on deontological ethics in analysing Responsibility to Protect (R2P). At the same time, discourse ethics – along with Jürgen Habermas’ theory of ideal speech situation – has been overlooked. This article argues that the R2P process has gradually moved toward the Habermasian ideal speech situation. The Habermasian approach also provides a useful theoretical framework to understand the new, more inclusive and critical, forums of communication and initiatives set in motion by emerging non-Western norm-entrepreneurs in the R2P process, notably the Responsibility while Protecting (RwP) initiated by Brazil in 2011. From the perspective of discourse ethics, RwP could be understood as a cosmopolitan harm principle designed to manage the potentially harmful side-effects of the application of R2P. The article further argues that, despite the current paradigm shift of norm-entrepreneurship on R2P from deontological ethics to discourse ethics, it has thus far only partially fulfilled the criteria of an ideal speech situation.