智力障碍女性生育权与代理权的伦理探讨

基于伦理审查中的真实案例以及境遇伦理学,讨论了涉及以下四个层面在不同情况下实施人工流产的道德性：（1）孕妇与胎儿权利之争;（2）智障女性能否胜任自主抉择？（3）家属代理权的行使及限制;（4）如何使最终决策实现善意？在此类案例中如果采用原则主义容易导致“一刀切”,因此,采取境遇伦理学的策略才能真正解决类似的道德困境。对相同的情形采取相同的措施,不同的情形采取不同的措施,如此方可真正做到符合伦理。

     

时间人格的结构与功能

时间人格是个体对时间情境稳定的适应倾向及能力特征, 其主要功能是适应时间情境并影响身心健康。已有的研究从时间洞察力、时间定向、时间管理、时间紧迫感、拖延性等方面对时间人格进行了探讨, 最近的研究则转向构建综合的时间人格结构模型。本文针对时间概念、时间人格概念和研究范式的争论, 提出未来的研究应继续完善时间人格结构模型, 加强外部影响因素研究, 补充过程研究、质性研究和跨文化研究, 并在进化论、文化学和脑科学方面获取支持。     

Can bottom-up processes of attention be a source of ‘interference’ in situations where top-down control of attention is crucial?

In this study, we investigate whether emotionally engaged bottom-up processes of attention can be a source of ‘interference’ in situations where top-down control of attention is necessary. Participants were asked to monitor and report on a video of a war scenario showing a developing battle in two conditions: emotionally positive and emotionally negative. Half of the participants (n = 15) were exposed to task-irrelevant pictures of positive emotional valence embedded within the scenario; the other half were exposed to task-irrelevant pictures of negative emotional valence. Sensitivity and Bias scores were calculated using signal detection theory. Overall, task accuracy scores were dependent upon the valence; negative pictures had an adverse effect on performance, whereas positive pictures improved performance. We concluded that negative emotional pictures interfered with top-down control of attention by attracting competing bottom-up processes of attention. We found the opposite effect for positive emotional stimuli.     

助人情境中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展

研究选取北京市某幼儿园3~6岁幼儿共118名作为研究对象。以助人任务为实验情境,设置了慷慨施恩者VS吝啬者（情境一）、施恩者VS好人（情境二）和传承知恩图报意识（情境三）三种情境,研究幼儿在三种不同助人情境下知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄及发展趋势。结果表明,在情境一和情境二中的知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄为5岁;情境三中幼儿知恩图报意识的发展关键年龄推测为6岁以后。各情境下知恩图报意识随年龄增长而提升。     

Earthquake disaster avoidance learning system using deep learning

The popularity of deep learning has influenced the field of surveillance and human safety. We adopt the advantages of deep learning techniques to recognize potentially harmful objects inside living rooms, offices, and dining rooms during earthquakes. In this study, we propose an educational system to teach earthquake risks using indoor object recognition based on deep learning algorithms. The system is based on the You Look Only Once (YOLO) deployed on our cloud-based server named Earthquake Situation Learning System (ESLS) for the detection of harmful objects associated with risk tags. ESLS is trained on our own indoor images dataset. The user interacts with the ESLS server through video or image files, and the object detection algorithm using YOLO recognizes the indoor objects with associated risk tags. Results show that the service time of ESLS is low enough to serve it to users in 0.8 s on average, including processing and communication times. Furthermore, the accuracy of the harmful object detection is 96% in the general indoor lighting situation. The results show that the proposed ESLS is applicable to real service for teaching the earthquake disaster avoidance.     

中国礼文化的具身隐喻效应:蜷缩的身体使人更卑微

中国礼文化蕴含着丰富的隐喻机制,其中蜷缩的身体动作如弯腰、俯视、跪是与高社会地位群体社交的常用姿势。通过3个社会情境实验考察身体蜷缩程度与社会地位的隐喻效应。实验1显示与扩张姿势相比,保持蜷缩姿势的被试对被评价对象的社会地位评分更高。实验2控制被试的社交对象,发现与低社会地位人物相比,被试与高社会地位人物社交时身体蜷缩程度更大。实验3同时控制被试的身体姿势与视角空间,结果是跪姿被试比坐姿被试对被评价对象的社会地位评分更高,俯视被试比仰视被试对被评价对象的认同度更高。以上结果可证明中国礼文化中蜷缩身体姿势与社会地位的双向隐喻效应,同时,身体与空间的双重隐喻启动时其联结效应独立产生作用。     

性别和情境危险程度对行人危险知觉的影响：来自ERP的证据

采用事件相关电位技术,探讨性别和情境危险程度对行人危险知觉的影响。实验采用三类真实交通情境图片作为材料,包括无危险情境图片、低度危险情境图片和高度危险情境图片。结果发现：低度危险情境条件下,女性的N1潜伏期更短;在N1波幅上,高度危险情境大于无危险情境或低度危险情境;在P3波幅上,男性大于女性,低度危险情境大于无危险情境或高度危险情境。说明早期视觉加工阶段,女性对低度危险情境更敏感;男性比女性给予交通情境更多的注意;情境危险程度能够调节危险知觉过程中的注意分配。     

Situation Trait Relevance, Trait Expression, and Cross-Situational Consistency: Testing a Principle of Trait Activation

An interactionist principle of trait activation is proposed, emphasizing situation trait relevance (i.e., opportunity for trait expression) as a moderator of trait–behavior relations and cross-situational consistency (CSC). One hundred fifty-six students completed trait measures and expressed intentions in 10 scenarios targeted to each of five traits (e.g., risk taking). Trait–intention correlations within scenario sets were themselves correlated with mean situation trait relevance ratings provided by 26 proficient judges; CSCs in intentions (45 correlations per trait) were correlated with an index of shared trait relevance in situation pairs. In support of trait activation, (a) trait–intention relations for three traits were higher in more relevant situations (e.g., second-order r = .66 for risk taking) and (b) CSCs were higher in scenarios jointly high in targeted trait relevance (e.g., second-order r = .55 for risk taking). Discussion highlights applications of trait activation in diverse research domains.     

动机与情境对不同自控水平儿童学业求助的影响

本实验以小学儿童为被试,研究了在不同动机取向和情境条件下的不同自我控制水平儿童的学业求助行为。结果表明：（１）单独无自尊压力的解难题情境比群体压力情境导致更多的求助行为。（２）低自控儿童比高自控儿童产生更多的执行性求助,但主要表现在单独无自尊压力的情境下。（３）在群体压力情境下,自我卷入的儿童比任务卷入的儿童表现出更多的求助行为。（４）在单独无自尊压力的情境下,任务卷入的儿童比自我卷入的儿童表现出     

在亲／反社会情境下儿童对说谎的理解及其道德评价的研究

本研究比较了幼儿及小学儿童在亲社会与反社会情境下对说谎/说真话的理解及幼儿对其所作的道德评价上的年龄差异.结果表明自4岁开始儿童能够明确地理解说谎/说真话,并作出相应的道德判断.但3岁幼儿无论是对说谎/说真话概念的判断,还是道德评价,不能对行为与言语作明确的区别.习俗性特征对说谎概念判断的影响始于9岁.