Learning to think in a ‘war zone’

This paper describes an experimental investigation of Winnicott's set situation as described by him in 1941. Three groups of South African infants, 7 to 9 months old, selected from white, black and institutionalized samples were tested three times in the set situation to validate Winnicott's findings and explore new ways of extending the usefulness of the set situation. The study also attempts to explore phantasy in infancy. The results show no significant differences between the black and white infants in the standard presentation, validating Winnicott's observations across different ethnic groups. However, significant differences in the institutionalized group were found, revealing considerable deviations and disturbances. In the second testing, where frustration was introduced, there were, however, significant differences in response to frustration between the black and white infants. Individual examples reveal the uniqueness of the responses to the situation. The situation provides a semi-structured infant observation which can be used as a diagnostic thermometer by professionals in the field of mental health.     

Honesty–humility and a person–situation interaction at work

Person–situation interactions have attracted researchers' attention for decades. Likewise, the current work focuses on the interaction of honesty–humility and situational conditions in bringing about counterproductive work behaviour (CWB). As such, we introduce perceptions of organizational politics as a situational construct representing an opportunity for CWB. In a sample of N = 148 employees we found that particularly individuals low in honesty–humility were affected by situational circumstances. By contrast, those high in honesty–humility reported practically the same (lower) amount of CWB independent of the level of perceptions of organizational politics. In other words, employees low in honesty–humility were especially likely to condition their behaviour on environmental factors, a result that mirrors previous findings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

权力感对社会排斥下自我关注的调节作用

采用实验法探讨在回忆和现实排斥情境下,不同社会排斥类型对大学生外显和内隐自我关注的影响及权力感的调节作用。实验1初步证实在两种排斥情境下,与拒绝型相比,忽视型被试的外显和内隐自我关注水平较高。实验2进一步证实权力感在忽视型对外显自我关注的影响中具有调节作用。结果表明,忽视型社会排斥威胁功效需要进而引发个体提高自我关注水平;情境因素对社会排斥产生的影响相同。     

Mental Health Services Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism

Summary

The Israeli population has been subjected to the stresses of war and terrorist attacks since long before the state was founded. Confronting this extensive experience of terrorism-related psychological trauma, the Mental Health Services of the Ministry of Health designed and implemented a comprehensive emergency response system that operates in general hospitals and community settings to meet the psychological needs resulting from terrorism at both the individual and the population levels. This article describes general premises, basic elements, administrative structure and functioning of this system, as well as training programs for various service providers working with the victims.     

企业员工对团队领导的信任结构研究——基于IT企业团队的研究

基于IT企业任务复杂度和合作需求较高的现状,加强团队内信任成为管理中的一个重点。本研究在Mayer和Mcknight的信任模型基础上对IT企业员工的组织信任结构进行分析。对四家IT公司239人进行问卷调查,并用Amos5．0进行分析后得到拟合度良好的模型结构,结果显示：①个体信任倾向对员工信任意向的影响不显著;②个体信任倾向影响员工对领导的可信任性感知和基于企业制度的信任;③基于制度的信任显著影响对领导的可信任性感知,但是对信任意向的影响不显著;④对领导的可信任性感知显著影响个体的信任意向;⑤卷入度在基于制度的信任和对领导的可信任性感知之间起缓冲作用。     

双避冲突情境中情绪对言语交际策略的影响

研究随机抽取了113名本科生,考察了情绪和冲突程度对言语交际推诿程度的影响。结果表明：1）情绪对言语推诿程度有显著影响,在积极情绪状态下个体言语推诿程度显著的低于消极情绪状态下个体的言语推诿;2）冲突程度对言语推诿程度影响差异不显著,情绪和冲突程度的交互作用对言语推诿程度的影响显著。冲突程度增强了情绪对言语推诿程度的影响。     

Individual strategy preferences and decisional fit

The present research introduces the concept of decisional fit. A decision maker experiences decisional fit when the individually preferred decision strategy fits the actually applied strategy. In accordance to other fit‐concepts in psychology (e.g., person–environment fit), we expected positive effects of decisional fit. Five studies examine the effects of a fit between the individual preference for intuition and deliberation (PID) and the actually used decision strategy (intuition or deliberation). A comparison of extreme types (according to participants' values on the PID scale) revealed that decisional fit enhances the perceived value of the chosen or evaluated object (Studies 1–3). In Studies 4 and 5, participants experienced less regret after decisional fit. The findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences when comparing intuitive and deliberate decision making, because strategy preferences interact with applied strategies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

文本阅读中时间信息加工的二阶段模型

运用动窗与眼动技术考察文本阅读中时间信息的加工特点符合强印象假设还是场景理论。行为实验结果发现, 关键句和时间词的阅读时间以及探测词的反应时符合强印象假设, 而关键事件的阅读时间和对问题的反应时符合场景理论。眼动实验结果发现, 在时间词区, 总阅读时间、总阅读次数符合场景理论; 对于关键事件, 总阅读时间、回视路径时间和总注视点次数也符合场景理论; 在时间词区以及关键事件上反应早期阶段加工的首次注视时间上不同条件没有显著的差异, 但总体趋势符合强印象假设。据此, 本研究提出的时间信息加工的二阶段模型得到初步证明。     

The interplay of trait worry and trait anxiety in determining episodic retrieval: The role of cognitive control

Worrying is a key concept in describing the complex relationship between anxiety and cognitive control. On the one hand, cognitive control processes might underlie the specific tendency to engage in worrying (i.e., trait worry), conceptualized as a future-oriented mental problem-solving activity. On the other hand, the general tendency to experience the signs and symptoms of anxiety (i.e., trait anxiety) is suggested to impair cognitive control because worrisome thoughts interfere with task-relevant processing. Based on these opposing tendencies, we predicted that the effect of the two related constructs, trait anxiety and trait worry, might cancel out one another. In statistics, such instances have been termed suppressor situations. In four experiments, we found evidence for such a suppressor situation: When their shared variance was controlled, trait worry was positively whereas trait anxiety was negatively related to performance in a memory task requiring strategic, effortful retrieval. We also showed that these opposing effects are related to temporal context reinstatement. Our results suggest that trait worry and trait anxiety possess unique sources of variance, which differently relate to performance in memory tasks requiring cognitive control.