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991.
Assessment within the fields of early childhood education and early childhood intervention is guided by the deductive-psychometric model, which is a framework for legitimizing constructs that arise from theories. An alternative approach, termed the inductive-experimental model, places significantly more restrictions on what constitutes a legitimate construct. In this paper, the utility of these two
assessment models, one more generative and one more restrictive, are evaluated within the context of a Head Start setting.
Given the pragmatic goal of informing instruction, we argue for the superiority of the more restrictive approach. Implications
for early childhood intervention are also discussed. 相似文献
992.
Kelly KM Shedlosky-Shoemaker R Porter K Remy A DeSimone P Andrykowski MA 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(3):373-382
Family history is one the greatest risk factors for disease and one of the most important informational tools in medical genetics
for the purpose of diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention and treatment. However, research is needed on the comparability
of different methods of cancer family history assessment and the influence of psychosocial factors in family history reports.
The purpose of this study was to determine if individuals had discrepancies between written and interview reports of cancer
family history and the role of psychosocial factors in these discrepancies. Oncology patients (n=104) were administered a survey to assess psychosocial factors (i.e., information-seeking, worry, perceived risk, and health
literacy) and were asked to provide family history in a written and an interview form. Randomization determined which form
individuals received first. No differences in the amount of missing data or the amount of unspecified data were noted between
the written and interview method. Psychosocial factors did not differentiate between those who had discrepancies in family
history reports and those who did not have discrepancies in family history reports; although there was a trend for those with
lower literacy and those who were blunters to be more discrepant on type of cancer diagnosis. In sum, this preliminary study
indicates that written and interview methods of family history assessment for first degree relatives may be used interchangeably.
The ability to use written methods will facilitate collection of basic family history information in the oncology clinic. 相似文献
993.
Berliner JL Fay AM;Practice Issues Subcommittee of the National Society of Genetic Counselors' Familial Cancer Risk Counseling Special Interest Group 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(3):241-260
These cancer genetic counseling recommendations describe the medical, psychosocial and ethical implications of identifying
at-risk individuals for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) through cancer risk assessment, with or without genetic
susceptibility testing. They were developed by members of the Practice Issues Subcommittee of the National Society of Genetic
Counselors’ Familial Cancer Risk Counseling Special Interest Group. The information contained in this document is derived
from extensive review of the current literature on cancer genetic risk assessment as well as the professional expertise of
genetic counselors with significant experience in education and counseling regarding hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
Critical components of the process include the ascertainment of medical and family histories, determination and communication
of cancer risk, assessment of risk perception, education regarding the genetics of HBOC, discussion of molecular testing for
HBOC if appropriate (including benefits, risks and limitations) and any necessary follow-up. These recommendations do not
dictate an exclusive course of management or guarantee a specific outcome. Moreover, they do not replace the professional
judgment of a health care provider based on the clinical situation of a client. 相似文献
994.
995.
Body images of female patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were assessed against females without eating disorders and compared with male ideals of female attractiveness. A computer program was applied to examine body images of 62 patients with anorexia nervosa, 45 patients with bulimia nervosa, and 40 female and 39 male control subjects. Body size overestimation was most distinct in the two patient groups. Self-ideal discrepancy was highest in bulimia nervosa. Estimation of the society's ideal female body in all three female groups did not differ from men's perception of the most attractive female body. Congruence of ideals of female attractiveness in patients, female, and male control subjects and described differences between patients and female controls support the theory that body image disturbance is a problem of processing self-referential information regarding body image rather than a problem of processing body image related information per se. 相似文献
996.
Dr Greg Murray Fiona Judd Henry Jackson Caitlin Fraser Angela Komiti Pip Pattison Garry Robins 《Australian journal of psychology》2009,61(3):167-174
Fifty items from Goldberg's International Personality Item Pool were compiled to form a public‐domain measure of personality, the Australian Personality Inventory (API). Data from a random community sample (N = 7615) and a university‐based sample (N = 271) were used to explore psychometric properties of this 50‐item measure of the five‐factor model of personality (FFM). In both samples, internal reliabilities were adequate. In the university‐based sample an appropriate pattern of convergent and divergent relationship was found between scale scores and domain scores from the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory. After adjusting for an apparent response set (mean response across items), exploratory factor analyses clearly retrieved the FFM in both samples. It is provisionally concluded that raw scale scores from the API provide reliable estimates of the FFM, but adjustment for mean response across the 50 items might clarify the five‐factor structure, especially in less educated samples. 相似文献
997.
The present article examines a process developed within Brisbane Catholic Education to reduce bias in assessment of students from refugee backgrounds when there is a concern about a possible intellectual disability. Several factors impacting upon assessment are described including previous trauma, language, lack of previous schooling and acculturation difficulties. A proactive process (Support Process for the Assistance and Assessment of Students from Refugee Backgrounds) is described involving broad‐based, longitudinal collection of data by the school psychologist as part of a support team. Factors to consider in conducting standardised psychometric assessments are discussed. Strengths and limitations of this process as well as the need for future research into its effectiveness are summarised. 相似文献
998.
Objective
Recent research suggests that binge eating is a common experience in youth. However, it remains largely unknown how children's binge eating presents in everyday life and which psychological factors serve to maintain this binge eating.Methods
Children aged 8-13 years with binge eating (n = 59), defined as at least one episode of loss of control (LOC) over eating within the past three months, and 59 matched children without LOC history were recruited from the community. Following a combined random- and event-sampling protocol, children were interviewed about their day-to-day eating behavior, mood, and eating disorder-specific cognitions using child-specific cell phones during a 4-day assessment period in their natural environment.Results
LOC episodes led to a significantly greater intake of energy, particularly from carbohydrates, than regular meals of children with and without LOC eating. While LOC episodes were preceded and followed by cognitions about food/eating and body image, there was minimal evidence that negative mood states were antecedents of LOC eating.Conclusions
The results provide support for the construct validity of LOC eating in children. Maintenance theories of binge eating for adults apply to children regarding eating disorder-specific cognitions, but the association with affect regulation difficulties requires further investigation. 相似文献999.
Marian Hickendorff Willem J. Heiser Cornelis M. van Putten Norman D. Verhelst 《Psychometrika》2009,74(2):367-374
In this rejoinder, we discuss substantive and methodological validity issues of large-scale assessments of trends in student achievement, commenting on the discussion paper by Van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, Robitzsch, Treffers, and Köller (2009). We focus on methodological challenges in deciding what to measure, how to measure it, and how to foster stability. Next, we discuss what to do with trends that are found. Finally, we reflect on how the research findings were received. 相似文献
1000.
Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi Andrea Corsonello Luigi Trojano Claudio Pedone Domenico Acanfora Aldo Spada Gianni D’Addio Roberto Maestri Franco Rengo Giuseppe Rengo 《Brain and cognition》2009
We studied 54 patients with hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The Mini Mental State Examination and the Mental Deterioration Battery were used for neuropsychological assessment. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed based on 24-h Holter ECG recording. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare HRV parameters of patients performing normally or abnormally on individual neuropsychological tasks. Spearman’s rho was used to investigate the correlations between HRV parameters and neuropsychological scores, indexes of health status or COPD severity. Patients with defective performance at copying drawings with landmarks (CDL) test (N = 23) had lower very low frequency (VLF) power with respect to patients with normal performance (N = 31) (24 h: median 213; interquartile range 120–282 vs. 309; 188–431 ms2, p = 0.043; daytime: 202; 111–292 vs. 342; 194–397 ms2, p = 0.039). The CDL score correlated with the VLF power (24 h: ρ = 0.27, p = 0.049; daytime: ρ = 0.30, p = 0.028), and the normalized low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio (24 h: ρ = 0.27, p = 0.05; daytime: ρ = 0.33, p = 0.015). Sympathetic modulation decreased for increasing severity of COPD. In conclusion, drawing impairment correlates with depressed sympathetic modulation in patients with COPD, and both might be indexes of COPD severity. 相似文献