组织中的揭发行为：决策过程及多层次的理论框架

组织中的揭发行为是员工对工作场所中的违法、破坏规则和不道德行为的检举揭露,是及时纠正组织中错误行为的有效机制。文章回顾了组织中揭发行为的研究起源、概念及测量方法;从不同理论视角探讨了揭发行为的决策过程;从多个层面系统梳理了揭发意愿或行为的影响因素和产生机制;归纳了揭发行为实践的影响结果。提出未来研究应关注跨学科视角的个体前因、区分特定情境变量的影响、探索行为产生机制和开展本土化揭发行为研究等问题。     

The relation between career decision-making strategies and person-job fit: A study of job changers

This study examined relations between three career decision-making strategies (rational, intuitive, and dependent) and person-job fit among 361 professionals who had recently changed jobs. We found that the relation between each decision-making strategy and fit was contingent upon the concurrent use of other strategies. A rational strategy related more strongly to fit when individuals also engaged in extensive intuitive decision making than when they engaged in limited intuitive decision making. In addition, a dependent strategy related negatively to fit only in the absence of extensive rational or intuitive strategies. Moreover, self-awareness and awareness of the environment mediated relations between career decision-making strategies and person-job fit. The implications of these findings for future research on career decision making were discussed.     

Crossing No Man's Land: Cooperation From the Trenches

This paper represents an attempt to bridge the gap between rational and psychological models of choice, as represented by expected utility theory and prospect theory, and to show how researchers from different traditions can start to work together on problems of interest to both. A central issue for both models concerns the origin of preferences and how they might be predicted. Two questions of interest to all social scientists are related to the formation of preferences: What determines what people want, and what determines what people do once they know what they want? The incorporation of emotion into models of decision‐making may help users of divergent models find common ground for exploration and investigation.     

借鉴循证医学方法促进SARS治疗决策科学化

面对突如其来的严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS),其预防和治疗方案层出不穷.究竟哪一种预防或治疗方法对SARS最有效?怎样面对现有的困难?如何借鉴循证医学的理念及方法,促进SARS治疗决策科学化至关重要.     

临床决策:医学哲学研究的一个重要领域

临床决策研究已成为临床医学中的一个重要领域.当下的临床决策问题涉及到医学信息学、循证医学、费用-效益评估、卫生技术评估、医学伦理与法律等学科领域.因此在临床决策中单一的经验-描述的研究纲领已不适应当代医学发展的需要,需要引入综合的决策方法.临床决策问题也为医学哲学研究提供了一个极佳的思想实验场所.临床决策的多维度研究,对于打通学科之间的壁垒,架构科学与人文之间的桥梁,更深刻地理解和把握医疗保健的整体性,使临床医疗达到最佳疗效具有重要意义.     

Engineering students’ perceptions of engineering specialties

The field of engineering is defined by a number of specialty areas, thus most engineering students must decide upon an educational specialty track within the engineering major. Data on familiarity with, and perceptions of similarity among 11 engineering specialties were collected from 129 undergraduate engineering students from a public urban university. Similarity data were collected by way of a paired comparison task, and multidimensional scaling techniques were used to map these data into spatial representations. A three-dimensional solution was selected. Analysis of variance procedures also were used to examine differences in perceptions of engineering specialties by gender, ethnicity, commitment to career choice, and career decision-making self-efficacy. Results indicated that female students rated engineering specialties as more prestigious than male students, and students with a more dogmatic stance towards career rated engineering as relatively exclusive to men.     

After-affects: How automatic evaluations influence the interpretation of subsequent, unrelated stimuli

Findings from three experiments suggest that participants’ automatic evaluations of subliminally presented objects influenced how they interpreted subsequent, unrelated objects. Participants defined homographs (Experiment 1), categorized objects and people (Experiment 2), and made person judgments (Experiment 3) that all could be disambiguated in either a positive or negative way. Participants’ responses to the ambiguous targets were evaluatively consistent with their automatic evaluations of preceding, semantically unrelated objects. The findings suggest that one’s automatic evaluations can influence deliberate judgments of subsequent stimuli, even when the only shared dimension between the initially evaluated objects and the judged objects is an evaluative one. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to possible mechanisms of evaluative priming as well as previous research concerning evaluative priming effects on social judgment.     

Multiple Framing: Verbal,Facial, and Vocal Cues in Risky Choice

Verbal framing effects have been widely studied, but little is known about how people react to multiple framing cues in risk communication, where verbal messages are often accompanied by facial and vocal cues. We examined joint and differential effects of verbal, facial, and vocal framing on risk preference in hypothetical monetary and life–death situations. In the multiple framing condition with the factorial design (2 verbal frames × 2 vocal tones × 4 basic facial expressions × 2 task domains), each scenario was presented auditorily with a written message on a photo of the messenger's face. Compared with verbal framing effects resulting in preference reversal, multiple frames made risky choice more consistent and shifted risk preference without reversal. Moreover, a positive tone of voice increased risk‐seeking preference in women. When the valence of facial and vocal cues was incongruent with verbal frame, verbal framing effects were significant. In contrast, when the affect cues were congruent with verbal frame, framing effects disappeared. These results suggest that verbal framing is given higher priority when other affect cues are incongruent. Further analysis revealed that participants were more risk‐averse when positive affect cues (positive tone or facial expressions) were congruently paired with a positive verbal frame whereas participants were more risk‐seeking when positive affect cues were incongruent with the verbal frame. In contrast, for negative affect cues, congruency promoted risk‐seeking tendency whereas incongruency increased risk‐aversion. Overall, the results show that facial and vocal cues interact with verbal framing and significantly affect risk communication. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

People Wait Longer when the Alternative is Risky: The Relation Between Preferences in Risky and Inter‐temporal Choice

In two experiments, we demonstrate that despite indicating indifference when probed about risk or delay in isolation, when forced to explicitly trade‐off between the two, participants prefer delayed over risky rewards. This pattern of findings sets a boundary condition for any common utility‐based comparison process involving both risk and delay. Furthermore, this change from indifference‐in‐isolation to delay‐preference‐in‐a‐trade‐off strengthens as reward amount increases. Exploratory modeling results suggest that the shift in preference can be explained by allowing for different discount rates for delay‐only choices compared with when delay is in competition with risk. This explanation is better than one in which probability weighting is different between risk‐only choices and risks considered in the presence of a delay. Together, the empirical and modeling work lays a path for future investigations of why and when people's evaluation of the properties of risky and delayed choices vary as a function of the alternatives on offer. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gender roles and decision making among isiXhosa-speaking adolescents

This exploratory study examined gender roles and decision making among isiXhosa-speaking adolescents. Participants were a non-probability sample of 40 Grade 12 learners (females = 50%; aged between 17 and 24 years). Data were collected using identity status interviews and analysed thematically to profile the adolescents’ gender role identity statuses and related decisions. The findings suggest the adolescents to endorse gender roles somewhat discrepant to traditionalist roles in that females endorsed primary family financing provider and decision making, whereas the males were accepting of nurturing or carer roles in the family home. Gender role statuses and decision making among teenage isiXhosa appear to be shifting away from traditional roles towards modern thinking of gender equality.