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141.
Hall K 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2002,23(1):55-73
This study examines the processes ofdecision-making used by intensive care(critical care) specialists. Ninety-ninespecialists completed a questionnaire involvingthree clinical cases, using a novel methodologyinvestigating the role of uncertainty andtemporal-related factors, and exploring a rangeof ethical issues. Validation and triangulationof the results was done via a comparison studywith a medically lay, but highly informed groupof 37 law students. For both study groups,constructing reasons for a decision was largelyan interpretative and imaginative exercise thatwent beyond the data (as presented), commonlyresulting in different reasons supporting thesame conclusions and similar reasons supportingopposite conclusions. The skills of ethicalimagination and interpretation were related toan individual's prior lived experience,construed in the broadest sense. Application ofthese skills of ethical imagination andinterpretation always occurred, to some degree,in a state of uncertainty and almost alwaysinvolved temporal relationships.Using these results, a theory of ethicaldecision-making is proffered. Three levels ortypes of reasoning processes may be present.Type I decision-making involves the applicationof rules, usually in a deductive fashion. TypeII decision-making is characterised by aprocess where a plurality of reasons arebalanced, weighed and sifted with each other.Type III decision-making is intimately linkedwith respondents lived experiences and `crafts'the content of type I and II reasoningprocesses, via the application of ethicalimagination and interpretation. Relationshipsbetween these three types of reasoningprocesses, and with narrative ethics, are alsodiscussed. 相似文献
142.
Risky choice in 3 adult humans was investigated across procedural manipulations designed to model energy-budget manipulations conducted with nonhumans. Subjects were presented with repeated choices between a fixed and a variable number of points. An energy budget was simulated by use of an earnings budget, defined as the number of points needed within a block of trials for points to be exchanged for money. During positive earnings-budget conditions, exclusive preference for the fixed option met the earnings requirement. During negative earnings-budget conditions, exclusive preference for the certain option did not meet the earnings requirement, but choice for the variable option met the requirement probabilistically. Choice was generally risk averse (the fixed option was preferred) when the earnings budget was positive and risk prone (the variable option was preferred) when the earnings budget was negative. Furthermore, choice was most risk prone during negative earnings-budget conditions in which the earnings requirement was most stringent. Local choice patterns were also frequently consistent with the predictions of a dynamic optimization model, indicating that choice was simultaneously sensitive to short-term choice contingencies, current point earnings, and the earnings requirement. Overall, these results show that the patterns of risky choice generated by energy-budget variables can also be produced by choice contingencies that do not involve immediate survival, and that risky choice in humans may be similar to that shown in nonhumans when choice is studied under analogous experimental conditions. 相似文献
143.
144.
子宫切除术是妇科手术中的一种常见术式,随临床技术的发展,目前已有许多可供选择的不同方式。实施子宫切除手术中,临床医生应采用哲学的辩证思维方法并尊重患者的自主选择,全面客观地评估患者的情况;更多从人文关怀的角度出发,做出符合患者个体术式的决策,力争达到最佳的治疗效果。 相似文献
145.
Ormond KE Iris M Banuvar S Minogue J Annas GJ Elias S 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(4):539-550
The recent increased number of conditions for which patients can undergo genetic carrier testing raises the question of how
best to obtain pre-test informed consent. Clinical approaches vary from a minimalist model to a model where patients are given
detailed information about all conditions to be screened for. Few data exist as to patient preferences, or how information
impacts decision-making. Eight high-literacy focus groups were conducted to assess the knowledge and preferences of pregnant
patients and their male partners. Most groups indicated that some balance between details and brevity was optimal, recognizing
that anxiety can occur when patients are provided with too much information and that the wide range of tests offered during
pregnancy often led to confusion. Critical areas for the informed consent process included (1) details about the conditions
and risk of being a carrier, (2) logistics of testing, (3) next steps if the test is positive, and (4) prognosis, options
and resources if the child were to be affected with a disorder. It will be useful to develop model consent programs and prospectively
assess their impact on informed consent and patient satisfaction, both when positive and negative results are received. 相似文献
146.
147.
本研究探讨了旅游信息特征对旅游者旅游决策的影响。研究表明,在旅游决策过程中,信息框架对旅游决策的结果,具有非常显著的影响,正面框架比负面框架,导致了更大额度的旅游消费决策;信息可信性对旅游决策的结果,也具有非常显著的影响,可信性高的信息,导致了较高额度的旅游消费选择。 相似文献
148.
Lotte Scholten Daan van Knippenberg Carsten K.W. De Dreu 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2007,43(4):539-552
Integrating dual-process models [Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (Eds.). (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. NewYork: Guilford Press] with work on information sharing and group decision-making [Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (1985). Pooling of unshared information in group decision making: biased information sampling during discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1467-1478.], we predicted that groups with high epistemic motivation engage in more information-driven and less preference-driven interaction, and achieve better decisions. An experiment manipulating process accountability showed that groups under process accountability experienced greater need for more information, repeated unshared information more often, and more often chose the correct decision alternative. Mediation analysis established that epistemic motivation produced high quality decisions because it stimulated systematic information processing. Results also revealed that preference heterogeneity stimulated information-driven interaction and led to higher decision quality. 相似文献
149.
从对框架效应的分析看风险决策的神经基础 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
对风险决策的研究近年来一直是微观经济学和心理学的热门,但是从传统的决策理论到主张有限理性的预期理论大多是对决策行为的研究,决策的心理机制一直是无法解释的黑箱子。令人兴奋的是近几年来神经科学家及其他领域的学者开始用先进的神经心理学的方法来研究风险决策,试图理解神经过程调节风险决策行为的方式。文章从分析违背“不变性”原则的框架效应入手,从正反框架、确定选择和风险选择、风险规避和风险寻求、高估小概率事件几个方面,全面分析风险决策可能的神经基础。在总结已有研究的基础上提出了把风险决策研究扩展到不确定决策,把风险决策中的一次决策研究扩展到多次决策的研究思路 相似文献
150.