小学儿童尊重行为与人格、班级环境的关系

以356名北京市两所小学三、四、五年级的小学儿童为被试,采用自编的小学儿童尊重行为问卷、国内修订的学生人格五因素问卷和班级环境问卷,考察小学儿童尊重行为的特点,并探讨人格和班级环境对尊重行为的影响.结果发现:(1)小学儿童的总体尊重行为和其中的理解欣赏具有显著的性别差异和城郊差异;(2)尊重行为与人格各维度具有显著的相关,与班级环境中除了竞争气氛之外的其他四个维度都有显著相关;(3)人格的宜人性、谨慎性、情绪性和开放性以及班级环境中的同学关系能够显著预测尊重行为,人格和班级环境的不同维度对于尊重行为不同维度具有不同的预测力;(4)小学儿童的班级环境可以归为三种类型:积极型、一般型和问题型,不同类型的班级环境在尊重行为上具有显著差异.     

班级行为范式对个体行为与受欺负关系影响的多层分析

运用同伴提名法、问卷法对82个班级4654名初中生的个体行为、朋友数量及学业成绩进行了测量,并用多层线性模型（HLM）对数据进行了分析处理。研究结果表明,在个体水平上,初中生的朋友数量和学业成绩对受欺负状况有明显的负向预测效果,初中生的攻击和退缩行为对受欺负状况有明显的正向预测效果。在班级水平上,班级的攻击行为范式可以减弱攻击行为和受欺负状况间的正向联系,增强退缩行为和受欺负状况间的正向关联;而班级的退缩行为范式则可以强化攻击和受欺负状况间的正向联系,弱化退缩行为与受欺负状况间的正向关联。     

Navigating relational turbulence in the wake of weight loss transitions: A support marshaling analysis

The current study sought to investigate how individuals optimize their partner's support during a weight transition to accomplish their weight loss goals. A theoretical model was tested to determine the role of support marshaling in managing the relational turbulence associated with weight transitions. Path modeling broadly identified that support marshaling is a useful framework from which to consider how relational turbulence associated with weight transitions influences health behaviors. The results identify that partner facilitation and interference are both directly related to health behaviors and indirectly related to health behaviors through support marshaling. Theoretical implications for relational turbulence and support marshaling are discussed with regard to their ability to account for weight‐related behavior changes.     

空气污染对个体直接和溢出行为的影响

空气污染对行为影响的研究日渐丰富, 且大致分为两个方向:一是与环境健康有关的直接行为, 二是与之无直接相关的社会行为(溢出行为)。基于此, 在回顾空气污染对两种行为影响研究的同时, 进一步综述了用于解释直接行为产生机制的计划行为理论和健康行动过程取向模型, 以及用于解释社会行为机制的焦虑与自我损耗。而更全面的探究现象背后的机制有助于发现更多有效应对空气污染的举措, 未来的研究可以采用更多纵向的研究范式、增加对行为机制的探究, 从而改善人们的风险应对行为。     

Risk-Taking by Young People in Late Adolescence Increases When They Perceive the Possibility of Their Peer “Observing Someday”

This experimental study on risk-taking by young people in their late adolescence was carried out from the perspective of peer effect. A gambling task was administered to 42 young people under the following experiment conditions: with or without the possibility that the experiment results would be disclosed at some time to their peers and information about their peers being more or less risk-oriented. The results showed that when it was suggested that the experiment results would be disclosed in some time and when the peer was perceived as more risk-oriented, there was a peer effect. However, when the peer was perceived as less risk-oriented, no peer effect occurred. The findings of this study confirmed that, while there is some room for further testing, when it was suggested that the experiment result might be disclosed to the peer, even under a condition in which only a single participant was involved, there was a peer effect, unlike in previous studies.     

Characteristics of ADHD Related to Executive Function: Differential Predictions for Creativity-Related Traits

Although the relationship between creativity and ADHD is uncertain, recent studies examining how dimensionally assessed characteristics of ADHD relate to creativity and divergent thinking in adults suggest an occasional positive, linear relationship between the constructs. However, the executive functions proposed to underlie characteristics of ADHD have not been examined in relation to creativity. This study was conducted to determine how different characteristics of ADHD related to executive functioning (as assessed by the Brown ADD Scales) predict different components of figural divergent thinking, intellectual risk-taking, and creative self-efficacy. Undergraduate engineering students (N = 60) completed the Brown ADD Scales, a figural divergent thinking task, and self-report measures of intellectual risk-taking and creative self-efficacy. A series of multivariate regression models demonstrated that several components of divergent thinking (i.e., fluency, originality, and resistance to closure) were predicted by different characteristics of ADHD. Although fluency was predicted by affect only and originality was predicted by activation only, resistance to closure was predicted by activation, effort, and attention. Additionally, intellectual risk-taking was predicted by memory, effort, and activation, whereas creative self-efficacy was predicted by effort. The implications of these results relating to the relationship between ADHD and creativity, as well as for engineering undergraduate education are discussed.     

传承动机对金融冒险行为的影响:未来自我连续性的中介

人们普遍拥有“期待不朽、被人铭记”的传承动机, 文章通过4个实验探讨了该动机如何通过未来自我连续性的影响作用于个体的金融冒险行为。实验1发现传承动机能够提升个体对未来自我的连续性感知。实验2在此基础上发现传承动机会弱化个体金融冒险行为(2a), 并且该效应被自我连续性感知中介(2b)。实验3进一步考察个体社会经济地位对上述中介效应的调节, 结果发现上述中介效应只出现在社会经济地位相对较高(vs.较低)的个体身上。     

Are choices based on conditional or conjunctive probabilities in a sequential risk-taking task?

In this study, we examined participants' choice behavior in a sequential risk-taking task. We were especially interested in the extent to which participants focus on the immediate next choice or consider the entire choice sequence. To do so, we inspected whether decisions were either based on conditional probabilities (e.g., being successful on the immediate next trial) or on conjunctive probabilities (of being successful several times in a row). The results of five experiments with a simplified nine-card Columbia Card Task and a CPT-model analysis show that participants' choice behavior can be described best by a mixture of the two probability types. Specifically, for their first choice, the participants relied on conditional probabilities, whereas subsequent choices were based on conjunctive probabilities. This strategy occurred across different start conditions in which more or less cards were already presented face up. Consequently, the proportion of risky choices was substantially higher when participants started from a state with some cards facing up, compared with when they arrived at that state starting from the very beginning. The results, alternative accounts, and implications are discussed.     

Take a risk or proceed with caution: Prevention motivation moderates responses to near-loss events

A persistently pressing issue identified in the decision-making literature is that people not only fail to recognize the risks entailed in a near-loss event but also subsequently engage in further risk-taking. We contend in this paper that prevention motivation critically regulates decision-makers' responses to a near-loss. Across three studies, we found that high prevention-focused individuals perceive greater risks in a near-loss event and are subsequently less likely to take risks, compared with low prevention-focused individuals. This finding highlights the significance of applying a motivational perspective to studying decision-making and risk.     

领导者对员工主动行为的心理与行为反应

员工主动行为因有利于个人和组织的长远发展而受到学界和业界的广泛关注。以往的研究主要关注主动行为对员工本人的人际内影响,而较少考虑对领导者的人际间影响;同时,考虑到员工在领导过程中扮演的重要角色,对员工的主动行为如何影响领导的心理与行为反应做理论性整理将极大丰富对员工主动行为的认识。学界基于归因理论、内隐追随理论、自我-他人评价一致性理论等对上述自下而上的影响过程进行了初步探索,发现领导者对员工主动行为的态度评价和行为反应受到多重边界条件的影响。未来研究可具体化员工主动行为所诱发的领导者心理与行为反应,探索员工主动行为与领导方式的循环关系,以及深挖主动行为与绩效评价之间的内在机理。