Qualitative differences in the representation of abstract versus concrete words: Evidence from the visual-world paradigm

In the present visual-world experiment, participants were presented with visual displays that included a target item that was a semantic associate of an abstract or a concrete word. This manipulation allowed us to test a basic prediction derived from the qualitatively different representational framework that supports the view of different organizational principles for concrete and abstract words in semantic memory. Our results confirm the assumption of a primary organizational principle based on association for abstract words, different from the semantic similarity principle proposed for concrete words, and provide the first piece of evidence in support of this view obtained from healthy participants. The results shed light on the representational structure of abstract and concrete concepts.     

The death drive: Conceptual analysis and relevance in the Spanish psychoanalytic community1

Based on a six‐year doctoral research, the author carries out a historical, epistemological and paradigmatic assessment of the controversial concept of the death instinct. The author analyses this notion’s speculative nature; its relation with the second principle of thermodynamics; the feasibility of a return to an inorganic state; the death drive’s metaphorical and isomorphic uses, as well as its theoretical and doctrinaire approaches; its relationship with repetition compulsion and masochism; the influence of Freud ’s scientific background on its formulation; and its context‐dependent meaning. Although this paper stems mainly from the theoretical aspects of the study, it also offers some clinical thoughts on the basis of a clinical vignette. The author stresses the underlying healing aspects of repetition in the analytic situation. Next, he presents concise comments on his empirical research on the current professional usage of the death drive in the Spanish psychoanalytical community. This research covered more than 27% of Spanish psychoanalysts (IPA) and psychotherapists (EFPP). The essay’s conclusions point to the ambiguous character of the death drive concept and its literal unacceptability and the absence of consistent arguments for its acceptance.     

考试焦虑对错误记忆的影响

采用认知考试焦虑量表从550名高一学生中筛选出75名不同考试焦虑水平的学生,运用Deese-Roediger-McDermott范式(DRM范式)诱发错误记忆,考察考试焦虑对错误记忆的影响。结果显示:(1)DRM范式能有效诱发个体对未呈现的关键诱词产生错误记忆;(2)中等考试焦虑水平的学生产生的错误记忆最少;(3)高考试焦虑水平的学生在高唤醒情境下对关键诱词的再认错误率显著高于中、低唤醒情境下的个体。使学生保持中度考试焦虑能减少错误记忆,提高认知成绩。     

“类心理学”与心理学的元理论建构——评车文博主编《中外心理学比较思想史》

车文博先生主编的《中外心理学比较思想史》通过＂四方＂文化比较,定义了心理学研究范式的意义,进而建立了一个公正的文化视角下的心理学元理论体系。该书更进一步以心理内容为线索,站在＂类心理学＂的高度描绘了中外心理学范式竞争与演进的历史：古代＂四方＂文化范式呈现相互竞争的态势;在欧洲的科学革命以后,分析理性哲学范式取得了绝对的统治地位。最后,该书中外心理学思想的交流是解决当前心理学范式困难的出路。     

攻击行为实验研究范式的回顾与展望

本文对攻击行为的经典实验研究范式——攻击机器法、文章评价法、竞争性反应比赛、减点——攻击测验、Bobo模仿范式等进行了回顾,并介绍了最新的研究范式--辣酱分配法、糟糕程序法、实验室涂鸦法等,最后对已有范式进行了总结与展望。     

Whither “Confucian Management”?

This article asks whether “Confucian Management” may be seen as the dominant influence in contemporary China. The philosophical legacy of Confucius on modern management theory and practice has received a good deal of attention in recent times, and here I attempt to assess its possible continuity. In order to carry out this task, I apply a bibliometric analysis called the “Culturomics” approach, looking at the literature on “Chinese Management” published in Mandarin in the last century, from 1900 onwards. After the presentation of the empirical data, the discussion section is set out, followed by the article’s conclusions.     

基于物体的注意的机制与影响因素

视觉选择性注意的研究是认知心理学领域的热点之一。注意选择的表征不仅可以基于空间, 也可以基于物体。基于物体的注意(object-based attention, OBA)的研究范式主要有双矩形提示范式和侧干扰范式, 有关基于物体的注意的机制的理论有感觉增强理论、注意优先理论和注意转换理论。影响基于物体的注意效应的因素主要有刺激本身的特征(如刺激呈现时间)、其它知觉过程和经验因素等。视觉物体的概念既包括格式塔知觉组织原则定义的物体, 也包括无意识下的物体、变化之后的物体和自上而下的物体。     

图-图干扰范式中语义效应的眼动研究*

采用眼动方法,在图-图干扰范式中探讨了干扰图的频率和语义类型对语义判断的影响。结果发现:(1)语义一致性的主效应显著,与目标图语义一致的干扰图获得的注视时间长于与目标图语义不一致的干扰图,证实了语义干扰效应的存在,与Dell的交互激活模型相吻合。(2)干扰图命名的词汇频率主效应不显著,未发现显著的频率效应,对词汇选择竞争假设提出质疑。     

语音在汉字语义通达中作用的研究述评

语音在汉字语义通达中的作用是二十多年来心理语言学研究的热点之一。直通假设和形音交互假设是学者们主张的理论观点,它们在语音和语义的相互关系上存在分歧,并分别有各自的实验证据。从比较语音语义激活时间进程、同音字效应、神经心理学与脑成像、语音作用的发展转换这四个方面对过去的研究进行回顾,指出了实验范式和实验材料中存在的问题,并提出结合汉字特点进行研究的思路。     

成人期个体心理理论的发展、研究范式与神经机制

成人心理理论的发展有助于个体顺利地进行社会互动,更好地适应社会。个体的心理理论能力会随着个体认知能力的发展以及大脑的发育而呈现出不断发展变化的趋势。研究者采取众多研究范式测量了成人心理理论。在进行心理理论加工时,青春期个体更多的激活了内侧前额叶皮层的后部,而青年期个体更多的激活了右颞上沟。根据研究结果,学者们构建了两成分认知模型、共享回路与中线结构整合模型以及心理理论多层次模型来解释成人心理理论能力。在进一步的研究中,成人心理理论的研究还应开发有效的研究范式来逐步揭示心理理论本身发展的特征、心理理论与外界因素如生活环境的关系以及解读互动心理的特征。