爬行经验对婴儿迂回行为发展的影响

该研究旨在探讨个体早期第一种自主位移动作－爬行的经验对迂回行为这一重要空间认知能力发展的和用及其特点。     

The Human Meaning of the Brain

This study attempts to show that brain research brings to light religious meanings. There is a physical basis of religion in that the way the brain has evolved makes possible the religious meanings of human experience. The brain grows out of and reflects the universe. The brain is an icon of God. In the analysis of the brain's various parts and functions the relational dimensions of reality are uncovered in their physical basis. This points to ultimate reality as social and to a social God. As such, the structures of reality, experienced through the brain, reflect the reality of God.     

Emotion in Schizophrenia: Old Mystery, New Understanding

Early theories of schizophrenia emphasized emotional features, yet empirical research into the nature of emotion in schizophrenia has only recently been conducted. Drawing from the paradigms developed by emotion researchers and theorists, a number of replicable findings on emotion in schizophrenia have now emerged. Compared with nonpatients, schizophrenia patients exhibit very few outward displays of emotion, yet they exhibit subtle, microexpressive displays. Schizophrenia patients report experiencing strong emotions in response to emotional material, yet they do not often report experiencing strong pleasant emotions in daily living. These emotion disturbances have important social and intervention implications, and they point to a number of important directions for research.     

Change and continuity in neurobehavioral development: lessons from the study of neurobiology and neural plasticity

The goal of this paper is to discuss our current understanding of change and continuity in neurobehavioral development. After describing the basic elements of neurobiological development, attention is focused on the myriad of ways experience influences the developing and developed brain. This literature is used to illustrate the complexity of both brain and behavioral development in the context of change and continuity. The implications of considering brain/behavior relations in the context of development comprise the final section of the paper.     

Spaced Retrieval Enhances Memory in Older Adults with Probable Alzheimer's Disease

We used the spaced retrieval method to improve recall of everyday objects in older adults with probable Alzheimer's Disease. Three training sessions were administered on alternate days over a week. On each training trial, participants selected a designated object from an array of items at increasingly longer retention intervals. Implicit and explicit memory for the target item was assessed after each session. Results indicated that spaced-retrieval training enhanced retention of the target item within and across sessions for all participants. Implications of these findings for current views on memory interventions for cognitively impaired older adults are discussed. affiliated with the Menorah Park Center for the Aging     

Death, Badness, and the Impossibility of Experience

Some have argued (following Epicurus) that death cannot be a bad thing for an individual who dies. They contend that nothing can be a bad for an individual unless the individual is able to experience it as bad. I argue against this Epicurean view, offering examples of things that an individual cannot experience as bad but are nevertheless bad for the individual. Further, I argue that death is relevantly similar.     

Building Bridges: Teresa of Avila and self psychology

Utilizing concepts from self psychology, the author demonstrates the ways in which God functioned as a selfobject for Teresa of Avila. In addition, parallels are drawn between the spiritual journey as described by Teresa of Avila and the psychotherapeutic journey. Building bridges between the psychological and spiritual realms of experience can greatly increase our understanding of each, and enable us to help our clients become more integrated, whole persons.     

Context specificity of operant discrimination performance in pigeons

In an experiment designed to investigate odors as potential retrieval cues in pigeons' memory (i.e., as conditional stimuli), 8 pigeons first learned to peck a red keylight (S+, reinforced) and not a blue one (S−, extinguished) in the presence of either a eucalyptus oil or isoamyl acetate odor. They were repeatedly switched between two chambers with the same odor to habituate any reaction to the switching that would be required for eventual testing for conditional control by the odors. Next, the birds learned the reversal (blue S+, red S−) in the presence of the alternative odor in one of these chambers. When the birds were then switched to the alternative chamber for additional training, although the odor was still appropriate to the reversal problem, behavior appropriate to the original training condition recurred. Testing indicated that reversal performance was specific to the one chamber in which it had been trained.     

Religion and Science in America: Populism versus Elitism

Historian James Gilbert argues that the dialogue between science and religion is an important dynamic in the creation of contemporary American culture. He traces the dialogue not only in the confines of the academic world but also in popular culture. The science-religion dialogue reveals a basic tension between the material and the spiritual that helps define the core of the American psyche: fascination with material progress yet commitment to traditional religious beliefs. Gilbert's cultural narrative traces the dialogue in a unique way because of the attention given to popular renditions of science and religion in evangelical films used by the military, in televised science programs, in science-fiction literature, and at the Seattle World's Fair in 1962. Gilbert suggests that the discussion between science and religion is significant because it is part of the process of creating new cultural structures necessitated by social, scientific, and technological developments. The tensions between religiously informed commonsense science and professional science work to create new cultural forms in a democratic society. Religion and science in dialogue are part of the process of cultural creation. Dogmatism on the part of either scientists or religionists is countered by the democratic process itself.     

The infant with a depressed mother: destruction and creation

From the hypothesis that vitality and creativity in the individual depend on the quality of the dialogue between the ego and the unconcious, the author seeks to show from observations of infant-parent interactions how this dialogue develops. The notion of the experience of the self helps us to describe the way in which mother and baby act upon each other like living mirrors, each reflecting for the other an image of the self. Maternal care, as long as it is disengaged from the sexual excitation, both erotic and aggressive, with which it is charged for each of the partners in the interaction, allows the self to be projected on to the infant's body; the ego–self dialogue then develops its roots in the bodily experience of the infant as it interacts with the world. Post-natal depression, which is frequent, affecting 15–20% of births, is a cause of major distortion in the establishment of the ego–self dialogue. An account of a clinical observation helps us to understand the process as it occurs