The Impact of Phantom Decoys on Choices and Perceptions

Phantoms are dominating, attractive alternatives that are unavailable at the time of choice. They occupy different positions in the attribute space, and their unavailability can be either known or unknown to individuals. Although different theories have offered explanations for the influence that phantoms exert on individual choices, they have largely overlooked phantom knowledge. Contradictory predictions can be drawn from these theories, and none provides a good account of the pattern of effects that emerges from our data. We suggest that these contradictions appear because the different theories do not address phantom location and knowledge jointly. When considering phantom knowledge together with location, we observe a consistent overall pattern of effects that encompasses all predictions that could be made on the basis of each theory. We find that known phantoms are stronger when close, and favor the target product, whereas unknown phantoms are stronger when far, and favor the competitor. Finally, we look beyond shifts in choice shares and find that phantom decoys can also affect individuals' post‐choice evaluations and reactions in terms of perceived justice, decision satisfaction, and repatronage intention. Our results show that post‐choice evaluations are driven by phantom knowledge, not phantom location. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The contents of long-term memory and the emergence of knowledge

Through a review of the literature, this paper proposes arguments in favour of a multimodal, dynamic, functional, and situational conception of memory. Memory is assumed to contain traces that reflect past experiences. The properties of these experiences are considered to be distributed across multiple neuronal systems, which are responsible, in particular, for sensorimotor and emotional processing. Memory is dynamic because knowledge emerges almost continuously from the activation and integration of these multimodal components. Memory is functional and situational because knowledge emerges from the subject's activity in a given situation, that is from a type of resonance between the properties of the past experiences that have shaped the neuronal networks and the properties of present experiences.     

Estimating Independent Locally Shifted Random Utility Models for Ranking Data

We present a mixed-effects location scale model (MELSM) for examining the daily dynamics of affect in dyads. The MELSM includes person and time-varying variables to predict the location, or individual means, and the scale, or within-person variances. It also incorporates a submodel to account for between-person variances. The dyadic specification can accommodate individual and partner effects in both the location and the scale components, and allows random effects for all location and scale parameters. All covariances among the random effects, within and across the location and the scale are also estimated. These covariances offer new insights into the interplay of individual mean structures, intra-individual variability, and the influence of partner effects on such factors. To illustrate the model, we use data from 274 couples who provided daily ratings on their positive and negative emotions toward their relationship – up to 90 consecutive days. The model is fit using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods, and includes subsets of predictors in order to demonstrate the flexibility of this approach. We conclude with a discussion on the usefulness and the limitations of the MELSM for dyadic research.     

客体位置判断的视触关联研究

本文从个体对客体位置信息的加工出发,对触动觉位置判断以及视触位置信息整合的特点进行了探讨.两个实验分别从触动觉客体位置判断和视触位置判断及视触位置信息整合进行了研究.结果表明,当个体伸手对客体位置进行判断时,对对侧空间客体位置的变化感知更加敏感和准确,同时对距离呈现中心较远的客体的位置判断成绩较好,而客体呈现时所在的半空间对左右手的客体位置判断成绩并没有产生一致的影响;在视触空间位置信息整合时,随着空间信息加工任务难度的增大,个体通过手、胳膊的关节以及本体感觉所获得的对空间位置信息的表征的准确度可能会下降,而视觉对触动觉的引导作用开始显现出来并变得比较重要.     

自由观看实景图片时注意的空间偏向

本研究采用眼动仪直接记录40名在校大学生及研究生（平均年龄21.9岁,SD=1.8）自由观看实景图片的眼动情况,考察自然状态下视觉注意在真实场景中的空间偏向。为了控制图片不同区域刺激特征显著性对结果的影响,将被试随机分为两组,一组观看正向图片,一组观看倒置图片。对图片四个象限上的首次注视概率、首次眼跳方向和注视时间百分比分别进行2（水平方向）×2（垂直方向）×2（呈现方式）的重复测量方差分析,结果表明,存在独立于刺激特征的空间注意偏向,表现在水平方向具有左侧注意偏向,垂直方向具有上侧注意偏向。     

空间主方位判断的训练和方位效应

以20名区域管制员和20名大学生为被试,通过两种类型的空间主方位判断任务考察训练效应和方位效应。结果表明：管制员主方位判断的绩效(正确率和判断反应时)显着优于学生．拍摄方向朝北和目标刺激在上-下轴位置时,主方位判断的绩效显著优于其他条件。研究提示,训练能够有效地提高空间主方位判断的绩效,主方位判断存在朝北的方位效应和上-下轴位置效应。     

小学儿童空间物体位置编码( Ⅱ)

采用找物范式研究小学7、9、11岁儿童利用线与线之间的关系对目标物位置进行编码的认知发展。结果表明:交点位置编码和平行线上对应点编码认知成绩的年龄效应显著。实验任务对儿童认知成绩的影响不同,11岁组儿童交点位置编码认知成绩显著好于平行线上对应点编码认知成绩,7岁组和9岁组两个任务的认知成绩差异不显著。     

分心抑制与年龄关系的位置负启动效应实验研究

负启动效应是指当前一个刺激中的干扰项作为后一个刺激中的目标呈现时产生的抑制作用。本研究采用2×4混合实验设计,考察了4个年龄组被试(小学生、初中生、大学生和老年人)位置负启动效应的产生情况,探讨了位置负启动效应与年龄发展的关系。结果表明:(1)不同年龄组被试都能产生显著的位置负启动效应;(2)各年龄组被试位置负启动量差异不显著,说明位置抑制能力呈稳定的年龄发展趋势。     

特征和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的作用

本研究采用训练−测试范式考察颜色和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的作用。实验1考察是否存在基于具体位置的价值驱动的注意捕获效应。在训练阶段, 被试对8个位置中两个位置出现的红色目标反应伴随着高奖励反馈, 而对另外两个位置出现的红色目标反应伴随着低奖励反馈, 其它4个位置为中性位置, 没有目标出现。在测试阶段, 一半试次中红色刺激作为分心物出现。结果发现, 只有当分心刺激出现在高奖励位置和两个高奖励位置之间的中性位置时才能够捕获注意; 实验2考察颜色和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的交互作用。在训练阶段, 将颜色特征和位置信息联合起来进行学习。在测试阶段, 和高、低奖励相联结的颜色刺激各在1/3试次中作为分心物出现。结果发现, 只有当高奖励颜色出现在高奖励位置或出现在高奖励位置之间的中性位置时才能够捕获注意。研究结果表明：(1)位置联结的价值驱动的注意捕获效应能够泛化到特定邻近位置上; (2)个体在训练阶段将颜色和位置的联合特征与奖励建立联结, 训练阶段建立的联结不能泛化到部分特征上。价值驱动注意捕获效应的泛化具有选择性。