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931.
932.
Steneck NH 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):161-176
In 1985, after nearly a decade of inconclusive professional response to public concern about misconduct in research, Congress
passed legislation requiring action. Subsequent to this legislation, federal agencies and research universities adopted policies
for responding to allegations of misconduct in research. Conferences, sessions at professional meetings, and special publications
were organized. New educational initiatives were begun, many in response to a 1989 National Institutes of Health/ Alcohol,
Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration requirement to include ethics instruction in training grants. Notwithstanding
a few key unresolved issues, such as the lack of a uniform federal definition of misconduct in research, the years since 1985
have witnessed a marked change in the professional response to misconduct in research.
This paper evaluates the change since 1985 from the perspective of three key goals: 1) confronting misconduct, 2) promoting
integrity and 3) ensuring integrity. While significant progress has been made in achieving the first two goals, the third
remains largely unaddressed. The latter is due to the fact that researchers have not been interested in studying the integrity
of their own profession. It is therefore suggested that studies are needed of routine or normal research practices and their
impact on integrity for use in making decisions about research conduct policy.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Misconduct in Science: A Decade of Progress or Merely
Years of Controversy” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 13 February, 1998. 相似文献
933.
Jeremy A. Sabloff 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(3):347-354
This article examines the question of how can museum professionals and the interested public resolve the competing claims
of traditional ownership and continuing scientific research in relation to museum collections.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium entitled “Ethics in Science: Special Problems in Anthropology
and Archaeology” held at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Philadelphia,
PA, 15 February, 1998. 相似文献
934.
Development of international guidelines for research ethics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaiser M 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):293-298
935.
To determine whether ethical issues concerned with field research are addressed in the peer-review process, instructions to
authors and reviewers of 141 (mainly natural science) journals were examined to ascertain how often ethical issues were mentioned.
Only one-third (n=41) of responding journals addressed ethical issues in their instructions to authors or reviewers. When
ethical issues were considered, most of the journals limited their concerns to ethical issues associated with animal and general
human experimentation. No journal mentioned ethical practices in working with indigenous peoples or on traditional lands.
Only two journals addressed the ethics of research in sensitive areas in their instructions to authors, only one in its instructions
to reviewers. We suggest that peer-reviewed journals respond to an emerging issue in ecological research by formally incorporating
research ethics into their instructions to authors and reviewers. Furthermore, these instructions should address the ethical
issues associated with field research and in working with indigenous peoples and on traditional lands. 相似文献
936.
Mishkin B 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):283-292
Substantial progress in handling scientific misconduct cases has been made since the first cases were investigated by the
NIH Office of Scientific Integrity in 1989. The successor Office of Research Integrity (ORI) has simultaneously reduced the
backlog of cases and increased the professionalism with which they are handled. However, a spate of lawsuits against universities,
particularly those brought under the federal False Claims Act, threatens to undermine the ORI by encouraging use of the courts
as an alternate route for resolving claims of research misconduct. Next steps should include establishing a government-wide
definition of scientific misconduct, providing immunity from lawsuits for institutions that follow proper procedures in investigating
charges of scientific misconduct, and participating in the development of international guidelines for maintaining scientific
integrity.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Misconduct in Science: A Decade of Progress or Merely
Years of Controversy” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 13 February, 1998. 相似文献
937.
938.
The effect of a municipal enforcement program to improve residents' packaging of refuse was analyzed in a multiple-baseline design across two areas of a city. The enforcement program involved instruction concerning refuse-packaging regulations, collection only of appropriately packaged refuse, and feedback notices to residents concerning the reasons for noncollection of their inadequately packaged refuse. Both the number of violations and the percentage of residences violating each day were markedly reduced during the enforcement program. Furthermore, sanitation workers considered that the packaging of refuse and the safety and efficiency of refuse collection had improved. This study served as a pilot evaluation of a policy change in the city sanitation department, and was functional in determining the direction of that policy. 相似文献
939.
940.
T Seekins S B Fawcett S H Cohen J P Elder L A Jason J F Schnelle R A Winett 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1988,21(3):233-243
Observations of children in automobiles were made in seven states before and after implementation of legislation requiring use of child passenger safety devices. Increases in safe seating for children covered by state laws and children under 1 year old were observed in three of the five states implementing legislation during this study. Decreases in safe seating for these age groups were observed in two states, however. Increases in safe seating for children from 1 to 5 years old were observed in four of these five states. Although methodological limitations require cautious interpretation, these data suggest the impact child safety seat laws may have on compliance. Implications of this research for policies on child passenger safety and the importance of exploiting naturally occurring public experiments are discussed. 相似文献