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911.
社会建构论与心理学理论的未来发展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
社会建构论是当代西方心理学中的一股重要学术思潮。它认为知识不是一种科学发现,而是一种社会建构。知识的生产过程不是个体理性决定的,而是一种文化历史的过程,是社会协商和互动的结果。有关心理现象的分类、心理活动的形式方面的知识都是一定文化历史条件的产物。从社会建构论的视角看心理学的研究成果会有许多新的收获。从社会建构论的观点来看,理论不是经验事实的概括和抽象,而是一种社会建构。理论先于经验观察,也高于经验观察,这种观点将理论建构置于经验工作之首,为心理学理论的未来发展开辟了全新的视角。 相似文献
912.
Tomas R. Giberson Christian J. Resick Marcus W. Dickson Jacqueline K. Mitchelson Kenneth R. Randall Malissa A. Clark 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(2):123-137
Purpose The purpose of this study was to empirically examine organizational culture theorists’ assertions about the linkages between
leadership and the cultures that emerge in the organizations they lead. Specific hypotheses were developed and tested regarding
relationships between chief executive officers’ (CEO’s) personality traits, and the cultural values that are shared among
their organization’s members.
Design/Methodology/Approach Thirty-two CEOs completed measures of the Big-Five personality traits and personal values. A total of 467 employees across
the 32 organizations completed a competing values measure of organizational culture.
Findings Results indicate support for several hypothesized relationships between CEO personality and cultural values. Exploratory analyses
indicated that several CEO personal values were related to culture values.
Implications Organizations need to seriously consider the “fit” between the current or desired organizational culture and CEO characteristics.
Organizations attempting to change fundamental aspects of its functioning may need significant behavioral—or personnel—changes
at the top of the organization in order to achieve those changes.
Originality/Value This is the first empirical study to establish a link between specific CEO characteristics and the cultural values of their
organizations. This study provides evidence that CEO characteristics are felt throughout the organization by impacting the
norms that sanction or discourage member behavior and decision making, and the patterns of behavior and interaction among
members. 相似文献
913.
Jüri Allik Anu Realo René Mõttus Helle Pullmann Anastasia Trifonova Robert R. McCrae 《欧洲人格杂志》2009,23(7):567-588
Data were collected by the members of the Russian character and personality survey from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents (N = 7065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or college‐aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the target using the Russian observer rating version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, which measures neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Factor analyses within samples showed that the factor structure of an international sample combining data from 50 different cultures was well replicated in all 39 Russian samples. Sex differences replicated the known pattern in all samples, demonstrating that women scored higher than men on most of the neuroticism, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness facet scales. Cross‐sectional analyses demonstrated consistent age differences for four factors: Older individuals compared to younger ones were less extraverted and open but more agreeable and conscientious. The mean levels of traits were similar in all 39 samples. Although in general personality traits in Russians closely followed the universal pattern, some reliable culture‐specific effects were also found that future studies can help interpret. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
914.
Karmela Liebkind Inga Jasinskaja‐Lahti 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2000,10(1):1-16
The aim of this study was to compare experiences of discrimination and their influence on trust in authorities and psychological distress among immigrants in Finland. A sample of 1146 immigrants, aged between 20 and 36 and representing seven immigrant groups (Russians, Ingrian/Finnish returnees, Estonians, Somalis, Arabs, Vietnamese and Turks), answered a mailed questionnaire based on traditional acculturation research as well as victim research. In accordance with our expectations, discrimination experiences in various realms of life were highly predictive of the psychological well‐being of all immigrants, as well as of lack of trust in the Finnish authorities. However, contrary to our hypotheses regarding the effects of visibility and cultural proximity, group differences in psychological distress did not correspond to the group differences observed in perceived discrimination. These results are discussed in the light of the opposing predictions concerning self‐damage effects of discrimination, made by social identity theory on the one hand and the theory on self‐protecting functions of external attributions (Crocker and Major, 1989) on the other. It is concluded that the low level of stress observed in the most visible and most culturally distant group, despite high levels of perceived discrimination, is better explained by the latter than the former. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
915.
为了解个体的抱怨行为特点,研究采用质性访谈法,分别对13位抱怨者和配对的26位倾听者进行半结构式访谈,并运用扎根理论分析程序对访谈资料进行三级编码。结果发现,抱怨行为在本质、内容、动机、对象选择、表现形式、效果以及影响因素七大方面具有一般特征;抱怨的本质是在情绪性动机或工具性动机驱使下产生的间接性行为,这些间接性行为可能会产生负能量,传递给第三者。研究从实证角度为抱怨的双重路径模型提供了证据支撑,同时也深化了对日常情景中的抱怨的认识。 相似文献
916.
Neville Cobbe 《Zygon》2007,42(3):599-628
Various entities that combine material from humans and other animals at either the cellular or subcellular level have attracted growing public interest. I explore the controversy by considering both the scientific rationale behind creating various entities that have prompted the greatest public concern and possible ethical implications. I note a number of potentially relevant biblical passages and reflect on the imago Dei and considerations of telos in order to prompt wider discussion regarding how Christians might respond to such emerging bioethical issues. 相似文献
917.
Maurice J. Elias 《American journal of community psychology》1994,22(3):293-318
Community psychology faces a crisis of personpower similar to that which Albee identified in the clinical field four decades
ago. It is clear that there are not, and likely never will be, a sufficient number of community psychologists to be able to
provide assessment, consultation, and planned change toward facilitating an inclusive psychological sense of community and
sound health and prosocial development in all settings that could benefit from such assistance. To help resolve this crisis,
an expanded role for community psychologists is proposed: that of participant conceptualizer and praxis explicator. A participant
conceptualizer and praxis explicator has the role not only of working within settings to understand and help conceptualize
change processes but also of reflecting on action processes that are a part of the setting, of reflecting on theory, and of
generating products that share relevant learnings. How action research serves as the methodology that allows the flow and
interplay of theory and action to take place also is discussed. Illustrations are drawn from the work of Leonard Bernstein,
Jim Henson and Kermit the Frog, and the author's work in area of school-based social competence promotion.
This article is based on much further reflection after my Distinguished Contribution to Practice in Community Psychology award
address at APA in Toronto, August 1993. The latter was designed as a talk and featured musical excepts from Leonard Bernstein
and Kermit the Frog, who also made an appearance at the talk and spoke briefly. A tape of the talk can be obtained from APA,
for the curious. I think of my work as a public corporation, shares of which belong to many colleagues, friends, and mentors,
far too numerous to mention. I give special thanks to Jim Kelly and Ed Trickett, to Irma Serrano-Garcia and Jim Dalton, to
Emory Cowen and Roger Weissberg, to George Spivack and Myrna Shure, to Jack Chinsky and George Allen, to Tom Schuyler and
to my parents, to those who generously shared selective truths about me that Jim Kelly compiled into marvelous and deeply
appreciated introductory comments, and to my chief shareholders, my family, Ellen, Sara, and Samara, whose daily love, patience,
and support I am honored to receive. 相似文献
918.
Geoffrey Nelson 《American journal of community psychology》1994,22(2):229-255
Described the development of a local-level mental health coalition to advocate for housing and community support programs
for psychiatric consumer/survivors. Resource mobilization theory was used as a framework from which to view and understand
the origins, goals, tactics, and outcomes of the coalition. Data were presented indicating that the coalition played a role
in obtaining increased funding for housing and community support programs. Also, there was an emphasis on consumer/survivor
and family participation in the change process. Benefits and limitations of the coalition after 6 years of operation were
reviewed and compared with other advocacy coalitions in mental health.
Thanks to Wendy Czarny, Peter Dunn, Mary Earls, John Lord, Ken Parsons, Isaac Prilleltensky, Harvey Simmons, and the reviewers
for their helpful suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper. 相似文献
919.
Donald W. Dayton 《Zygon》1997,32(1):105-113
Creationism in Twentieth Century America: A Ten-Volume Anthology of Documents, 1903–1961 Gen ed. Ronald L. Numbers 相似文献
920.
Beeson D 《Journal of genetic counseling》1997,6(1):21-43
Because of its potential for capturing complexity and process and its focus on communicating the meaning in human action, qualitative research is rapidly gaining acceptance in a wide variety of disciplines. Various qualitative approaches to research support its potential usefulness in genetic counseling research. Formulation of research questions and selection of appropriate qualitative methods are the first step. Interviewing, narrative analysis, focus groups, ethnography/participant observation, and participatory action research are only some of the most popular techniques that may be suitable in various situations. Processes of evaluation, analysis, and even ethical issues often differ somewhat from quantitative research. This article discusses these issues and the potential value of qualitative methods for research related to genetic counseling. 相似文献