Developmental trends in simple and selective inhibition of compatible and incompatible responses

This study examined age-related change in the ability to inhibit responses using two varieties of the stop signal paradigm. Three age groups (29 7-year-olds, 24 10-year-olds, and 28 young adults) performed first on a visual choice reaction task in which the spatial mapping between the go signal and response was varied between blocks. The choice task was then complicated by randomly inserting a visual stop signal on 30% of the trials. In the simple stop signal paradigm, the stop signal required the inhibition of the planned response. In the selective stop signal paradigm, the stop signal required response inhibition only when the stop signal was presented at the same side as the instructed response to the go signal. The results showed that simple stopping was faster than selective stopping and that selective, but not simple, stopping of incompatible responses was slower than stopping of compatible responses. Brinley plot analysis yielded linear functions relating children's latencies to adults' latencies. Analysis of shared variance indicated that developmental change in the speed of selective stopping continued to be significant even when the effect associated with simple stopping was removed. This pattern of findings is discussed vis-à-vis notions of global versus specific developmental trends in the speed of information processing.     

前置线索与刺激语义相容性的实验研究

运用前置线索技术,探讨无ＳＲＣ条件下线索与刺激的语义相容性效应。实验考察不同线索与刺激的关系,线索与刺激的呈现间隔和线索有效性对视觉刺激进行非维度重合命名的影响。结果表明：（１）线索与刺激的语义相容性存在,且符合维度重合理论;（２）线索与刺激的语义相容性具有一定适时性,支持自动激活假设;（３）线索的客观有效性影响了线索与刺激的语义相容性,表现为有效性越高,相容性效应越显著。     

Toward a Transactional Conceptualization of Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Implications for Assessment and Treatment

The conceptualization and treatment of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) has been characterized by surprising homogeneity. In this paper evidence is presented to underscore the heterogeneity within ODD, including research demonstrating (a) the distinction between reactive and proactive forms of aggression; (b) the importance of affective modulation and self-regulation, and associated cognitive skills, in the development of the skill of compliance; and (c) high levels of comorbidity between ODD and other disorders. The disparate pathways that give rise to oppositional behavior suggest that different children with ODD may require different forms of intervention. The necessity of a transactional conceptualization, of achieving a comprehensive understanding of the factors underlying the difficulties of individual children with ODD, and of matching intervention ingredients to the specific needs of different children and families is discussed.Ross W. Greene     

Activity settings as the unit of analysis: A theoretical basis for community intervention and development

Theory, methods, and action develop within context, one of which is the intellectual climate of an era. Community psychology is directly and indirectly interactive with many intellectual currents, such as postmodernism, semiotics, hermeneutics, and dialogism. These ideas are discussed as they impact on community psychology, with an emphasis on the reemergence of meaning as a central condition of psychology and community. Meaning is of key importance to the unifying concept in the transactional theoretical model which is presented. How this model might serve as a conceptual framework for an asset approach to community intervention and development is discussed. Increasingly, it is recognized that the development of theory to guide community research and action is necessary to advance intervention and to realize the potential of community psychology. It is argued that community psychology is positioned by concepts and practice squarely at the point of emerging thought, and can make fuondational contributions to general social science. The next article in this special section illustrates concepts of this model in an early education program and the remaining article illustrates the influence of ecocultural factors.     

汉字部件与英文字母相容性的数学模型──一种群体模板相容性的数学表达

该文运用相容性研究中的维度重叠模型以及Ｆｏｒｋ－Ｊｏｉｎ网络模型,得出群体模板的相容性定义与Ｓ－Ｒ相容性的元素匹配之间的关系式,详细讨论了汉字编码输入法研究中的学习遍数、反应时与汉字部件－英文字母相容性的关系,理论模拟与实验所显示的趋势符合。     

Word Meaning Frequencies Affect Negative Compatibility Effects In Masked Priming

Negative compatibility effects (NCEs)—that is, slower responses to targets in related than unrelated prime-target pairs, have been observed in studies using stimulus-response (S-R) priming with stimuli like arrows and plus signs. Although there is no consensus on the underlying mechanism, explanations tend to locate NCEs within the motor-response system. A characteristic property of perceptuo-motor NCEs is a biphasic pattern of activation: A brief period in which very briefly presented (typically) masked primes facilitate processing of related targets is followed by a phase of target processing impairment. In this paper, we present data that suggest that NCEs are not restricted to S-R priming with low-level visual stimuli: The brief (50 ms), backward masked (250 ms) presentation of ambiguous words (bank) leads to slower responses than baseline to words related to the more frequent (rob) but not less frequent meaning (swim). Importantly, we found that slowed responses are preceded by a short phase of response facilitation, replicating the biphasic pattern reported for arrows and plus signs. The biphasic pattern of priming and the fact that the NCEs were found only for target words that are related to their prime word’s more frequent meaning has strong implications for any theory of NCEs that locate these effects exclusively within the motor-response system.     

Negation in the Context of Gaggle Theory

We study an application of gaggle theory to unary negative modal operators. First we treat negation as impossibility and get a minimal logic system Ki that has a perp semantics. Dunn's kite of different negations can be dealt with in the extensions of this basic logic K_i. Next we treat negation as “unnecessity” and use a characteristic semantics for different negations in a kite which is dual to Dunn's original one. K_u is the minimal logic that has a characteristic semantics. We also show that Shramko's falsification logic FL can be incorporated into some extension of this basic logic K_u. Finally, we unite the two basic logics K_i and K_u together to get a negative modal logic K_-, which is dual to the positive modal logic K₊ in [7]. Shramko has suggested an extension of Dunn's kite and also a dual version in [12]. He also suggested combining them into a “united” kite. We give a united semantics for this united kite of negations.     

Ignorance reflects preference: the influence of selective ignoring on evaluative conditioning

In the current experiment, we investigated the mechanism underlying the modulation of evaluative conditioning (EC) due to selective attention. Conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus (CS–US) pairs were presented in a just recently introduced adapted Flanker paradigm [Blask, K., Walther, E., & Frings, C. (2016). When congruence breeds preference: The influence of selective attention processes on evaluative conditioning. Cognition and Emotion. doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1197100] with CSs as targets and USs as task-irrelevant distracters. In order to disentangle stimulus congruency and response compatibility and in order to observe a possible impact of response compatibility, EC in an incongruent/incompatible condition was compared to EC in an incongruent/neutral condition. Results show that EC and contingency memorywere significantly reduced in the incongruent/incompatible condition relative to the incongruent/neutral condition. These findings support the notion that the modulation of EC due to selective attention can be based on the selective ignoring of the US at the level of response compatibility.     

情绪效价对趋避反应的作用

刺激的情绪信息通常可帮助人类快速地做出相应的趋近或回避反应。实验室情境下研究者对趋避的操作性定义不尽相同, 但以往绝大部分研究证实了趋利避害的相容效应：正性情绪引起趋近反应, 负性情绪引起回避反应。动机定向理论认为, 这种促进作用是自动的, 而事件编码理论认为, 这种促进作用依赖于外显的效价判断。未来研究应进一步明确界定趋近和回避的操作性定义, 采用更敏感的实验范式解决两种理论的纷争, 以深入阐释相容效应的心理机制。     

注意转移在负相容效应产生中的作用:独立还是伴随*

采用两个实验设计,在确保负相容效应(NCE)的产生主要来自反应抑制贡献的实验范式基础上加入引发显性注意转移的目标刺激,探讨了注意转移在负相容效应产生中的作用。具体来说,实验一在经典NCE范式中加入中性目标刺激,并操纵启动与目标的关系。发现,不相容条件下的反应时最短,无关条件次之,相容条件下最长。证明在该范式中反应抑制在NCE的产生中占主导地位。实验二则在实验一范式的基础上,加入左、中、右呈现的加号目标刺激。发现,两种目标类型的反应时结果模式均与实验一相似。结果表明,注意转移并非如Cole和Kuhn(2010)提出的能够独立引发NCE,它只是伴随NCE的抑制加工过程而出现,且其加工模式与抑制加工模式类似。