组织中主管-下属关系的运作机制与效果

基于社会交换的理论视角, 以下属关系投入-主管资源回报的概念架构来展现组织中主管与下属关系互动的实质, 对主管-下属关系的运作效果与机制进行跨层次的实证研究。通过问卷法获得54个工作群体的426名下属与主管的对偶数据, 基于HLM分析的结果表明：下属在工作之余对主管的私人关系投入不仅能直接获得主管的工具性资源回报与情感性资源回报, 还能通过领导-成员交换(LMX)间接地获得主管的工具性与情感性资源回报, 而在工作群体内基于私人关系进行人力资源管理决策的特征对主管与下属之间的关系互动与关系质量也存在一定程度的影响。     

现代中国人际信任的传统资源——《论语》《老子》中的“信任”思想略论

中国文化传统中有丰富的人际信任资源,如果能够对之进行创造性的转化,可以成为当今社会经济与文化建设的可贵精神财富。部分现代西方社会学家将中国列入低信任度的国家的学术观点是值得商榷的,不同的文化传统有不同的信任模式,传统中国的熟人社会里有高度的人际信任。中国当代社会的人际信任危机,是由于社会转型造成的,不能依此而断定中国是一个低信任度的国家。     

Virtual HR: The impact of information technology on the human resource professional

Accelerated investment and innovation in information technology (IT) offers prospects for conducting business in ways that are radically different from the past. Despite the growing presence of IT within organizations, however, we do not have a clear understanding of how IT impacts the role of professionals. We address this issue by investigating how jobs in one professional occupational segment, human resources (HR) professionals are influenced by extensive use of IT within the human resource department. Specifically, we examine how HR professionals handle HR information as well as the expectations placed on them resulting from an increased reliance on IT. Our findings suggest that IT enables HR professionals to more efficiently access and disseminate information while it also influences what is expected of them. Implications and future directions are discussed.     

注意资源理论及其进展

注意的资源理论是注意研究的一个重要理论。本文介绍了注意资源理论中的“总体任务资源”和“特定任务资源”两种理论,比较了二者的差异、各自的优势以及理论局限性,并提出了关于注意资源理论中值得注意的若干问题。     

What Makes Crohn's Disease Patients Difficult to Manage? The Role of Psychosocial Factors

Most GI clinicians face the problem of a small group Crohn's Disease (CD) patients who function poorly and consume inordinate amounts of service with poor outcome. This study examines the hypothesis that psychosocial factors differentiate the CD patients who function poorly from the typical CD patient. A prototypal sample of CD patients with problems functioning, more typical CD patients (not selected for having problems in functioning), and healthy controls each completed a battery of validated psychosocial measures of disease-specific quality of life, coping skills, social support and life stress, perceived medical symptoms and life history factors. Chart data on hospital admissions, ER, GI, Surgeon, and GP visits were also collected. The CD patients with problems functioning reported more symptoms (GI and non-GI) and had many more ER, GI, and GP visits than the typical group. Psychologically, those with problems functioning had poorer quality of life and were more likely to cope using emotional discharge and support seeking. They experienced significantly more stress and reported a more chaotic family history. No differences on an experimental method of information processing biases were found between the CD groups, however. These results indicated that patients with problems functioning, selected by GI staff because they were best-case examples of functional difficulties, shared little with a matched group of typical CD patients. These patients likely require psychological as well as medical intervention to best manage their illness.     

易学与晚明小品

易学是晚明小品最重要的文化资源之一。晚明小品家的人生观、生活情趣,晚明小品理论强调小品短小、简易、新奇、独抒性灵、自然而然,皆直接或间接地吸取易学理论资源。晚明小品创作多方面受到易学的深刻影响。晚明小品兴盛也促进了易学的“小品”化。     

Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement

This study examined longitudinal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. On the basis of Conservation of Resources theory, we hypothesized that job resources, personal resources, and work engagement are reciprocal over time. The study was conducted among 163 employees, who were followed-up over a period of 18 months on average. Results of structural equation modeling analyses supported our hypotheses. Specifically, we found that T1 job and personal resources related positively to T2 work engagement. Additionally, T1 work engagement related positively to T2 job and personal resources. The model that fit best was the reciprocal model, which showed that not only resources and work engagement but also job and personal resources were mutually related. These findings support the assumption of Conservation of Resources theory that various types of resources and well-being evolve into a cycle that determines employees’ successful adaptation to their work environments.     

Psychological and demographic correlates of career patterns

Recent years have witnessed a growing diversity of career patterns, resulting from the relative decline of stable employment. In the present study of 1368 employed and self-employed German adults career pattern diversity was assessed using nine pictograms. The goal was to identify psychological and demographic correlates of these patterns and to answer the question of whether they differed for participants from the former (communist) East and the capitalist West. Findings indicated that upward-pointing career patterns still connected to extrinsic criteria such as income and job security. With regard to psychological correlates, upward patterns connected to lower work-related demands imposed by social change and a higher level of personal and social resources. Only in the West, upward patterns related to male gender and high education, reflecting more traditional access to upwardly mobile career opportunities.     

Resource-dependent effects during sex categorization

The limited capacity of face perception resources in the left cerebral hemisphere was examined using a sex categorization task. One study tested the hypothesis that sex categorization is impeded whenever feature extraction resources in the left hemisphere are simultaneously being utilized by another task. This hypothesis was tested by presenting prime faces for either 32 ms or 320 ms to either the left or right visual-field just before centrally presented target faces were categorized by sex. Results showed that sex categorization was slower after prime faces were presented for 32 ms in the right visual-field compared to the left visual-field. This difference was not found after the 320 ms prime length. The results are interpreted in the context of a neurocognitive model of social perception and suggest that efficient sex categorization depends, in part, on the availability of facial feature extraction resources in the left hemisphere.     

COGNITIVE DISABILITY IN A SOCIETY OF EQUALS

Abstract: This essay considers the range of possible policy options that are available if we wish to attempt to treat people with cognitive disabilities as equal members of society. It suggests that the goal of policy should be to allow each disabled person to establish a worthwhile place in the world and sets out four policy options: cash compensation, personal enhancement, status enhancement, and targeted resource enhancement. The essay argues for the social policy of targeted resource enhancement for individuals with cognitive disabilities, in the form of providing cash, with some limits on its use. Taking the example from the United Kingdom of "self-directed support," it argues that such policies can be cost-effective and advance the autonomy of people with cognitive disabilities, especially when compared with current policies of centrally provided services.