为什么信息超载损害决策?基于有限认知资源的解释

信息超载是指需要处理的信息量大于信息加工的能力。信息超载会降低决策质量, 延长决策时间, 降低决策满意度, 引起慢性压力。信息超载损害决策的机制可以从有限的注意力资源和工作记忆资源来解释。在信息超载条件下, 一方面用于过滤和控制信息的注意力资源总量被快速消耗, 注意力资源的分配和利用受到无关信息的干扰, 信息得不到高效加工; 另一方面负责保持和加工信息的工作记忆在限定时间内不能充分加工海量信息, 进而损害决策绩效。未来可以运用眼动赋权法探索信息超载下的信息加工模式; 发展意识思维和无意识思维的动态耦合模型指导个体减轻信息超载; 探索运用智能代理和交互记忆系统缓解组织中的信息超载。     

以德治国与中国社会资本的重建

当今中国社会道德水准和社会资本的下降,已经是不可回避的现实。在改革开放和发展市场经济的过程中,寻找一种方式能够使政府、社会和公民的力量相互协调并都能得到充分发挥,从而消弭潜在的社会危机爆发的可能性和克服社会资本进一步下降的可能性,是实现社会“善治”的根本要求。社会资本建立和积累的基础在于具有富足的社会道德资源,“以德治国”为当代中国重新整合国家、社会和个人的道德资源提供了前提。它有利于中国社会的道德资源富足与协调,从而使政府、社会与个体能够协调有效地实现各自的行动目标。     

中庸思维与大学生网络成瘾:同伴冲突和性别的作用

本研究基于资源保存理论和社会角色理论,选取武汉市492名大学生为被试,以问卷方式测量了大学生中庸思维、同伴冲突以及网络成瘾。结果显示：（1）中庸思维与同伴冲突、网络成瘾呈显著负相关;同伴冲突与网络成瘾呈显著正相关;（2）同伴冲突在中庸思维与网络成瘾的关系之中起中介作用;（3）性别对中介路径“中庸思维→同伴冲突→网络成瘾”的前半段路径有显著的调节效应。对于男性,中庸思维可以负向预测同伴冲突;对于女性,中庸思维不能预测同伴冲突。本研究的结果表明,同伴冲突中介中庸思维与网络成瘾的关系;但是,中庸思维与同伴冲突的负向联系只存在于男性之中。     

Can the subaltern feel? An ethnography of migration,subalternity, and emotion

Drawing on biographical and migratory experiences gathered from Chinese marriage-migrants in Taiwan, this paper investigates the link between migration, subalternity and emotion. We examine how emotions are socially, temporarily and situationally constructed by migrant women, positioned in a condition of vulnerability during migration. Conceptually, we advance that emotions can be turned into resources, practices and competences that sustain migrants' social, economic and cultural positioning in the society of arrival. Through the identification of three empirically-rooted states of emotions – imaginative, implosive and mutual – we claim that, in a context of social contempt, familial exclusion and economic marginalisation, migrants' individual and collective performance of emotions contributes to ‘undo’ a condition of subalternity. Such states are purposely experimental and incomplete. Whilst they are as temporary and mutable as migrant women's emotional experiences and practices, this paper proposes that they could serve as a methodological and analytical tool for future research on migration and emotion.     

Bi-dimensional attitudes,attitude accessibility and speeding behaviour

Positive and negative attitude dimensions (i.e., bi-dimensional attitudes) asymmetrically predict behaviour, with the positive dimension being the better predictor than the negative dimension. These findings have been demonstrated using self-reported behaviour measures. In this study, we aimed to test the bi-dimensional attitude-behaviour relationship using objectively measured speeding behaviour derived from a driving simulator and test if the asymmetrical prediction of behaviour from the positive and negative attitude dimensions could be explained by attitude accessibility (how available an attitude is in memory and therefore how readily it is able to guide behaviour). One hundred and six drivers completed online measures of the positive and negative dimensions of their attitudes towards exceeding the speed limit. Response latency measures of the accessibilities of both dimensions were also taken. A driving simulator was used to measure speeding behaviour. Both attitude dimensions independently predicted speeding, with the positive dimension being the stronger predictor. The positive attitude dimension was also more accessible than was the negative dimension. The difference in the accessibilities of the positive and negative attitude dimensions significantly mediated the difference in their predictive validities. The results demonstrate that the positive attitude dimension is the principle predictor of speeding and a reason for this is that it is more accessible in memory than is the negative attitude dimension. Road safety interventions (e.g., education) that aim to reduce speeding and associated traffic crashes might usefully decrease the valence or accessibility of the positive attitude dimension. There would also appear to be scope to reduce speeding by increasing the valence or accessibility of the negative attitude dimension.     

Personal and socio-ecological resilience resources among school-going teenage mothers: An exploratory study

This qualitative study explored the self-perceived personal and socio-ecological resilience resources that enabled teenage mothers to cope with early parenthood and school in a South African school. Participants were a convenient sample of ten school-going teenage mothers in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Their ages ranged from 16–19 years and they were in grades 10 to 12. Four teenage mothers took part in individual semi-structured interviews while six took part in a focus group interview. The interviews focused on personal and socio-ecological resilience resources that enabled their resilience as early mothers and learners. Thematic analysis of the data suggested personal resilience resources of the teenage mothers that include a positive outlook on life, a sense of humour, tenacity, toughness, determination, religiosity, and prayerfulness. Regarding social-ecological resilience resources, the teen mothers self-reported social capital from biological parents, partners, peers, teachers and pastors.     

Instrumental rationality in psychopathy: implications from learning tasks

Whether psychopathic offenders are practically rational has attracted philosophical attention. The problem is relevant in theoretical discussions in moral psychology and in discussions concerning the appropriate social response to the crimes of these individuals. We argue that classical and current experiments concerning the instrumental learning in psychopaths cannot directly support the conclusion that they have impaired instrumental rationality, construed as the ability to transfer motivation by means-ends reasoning. We claim that these experiments appear to show that psychopaths in certain circumstances are not aware of the relevant means for their ends. Moreover, we suggest how further empirical research could help to settle the issue.     

The question-behaviour effect: A theoretical and methodological review and meta-analysis

Research has demonstrated that asking people questions about a behaviour can lead to behaviour change. Despite many, varied studies in different domains, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been studied under the umbrella term of the question-behaviour effect (QBE) and moderators of the effect have been investigated. With a particular focus on our own contributions, this article: (1) provides an overview of QBE research; (2) reviews and offers new evidence concerning three theoretical accounts of the QBE (behavioural simulation and processing fluency; attitude accessibility; cognitive dissonance); (3) reports a new meta-analysis of QBE studies (k = 66, reporting 94 tests) focusing on methodological moderators. The findings of this meta-analysis support a small significant effect of the QBE (g = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.18, p < .001) with smaller effect sizes observed in more carefully controlled studies that exhibit less risk of bias and (4) also considers directions for future research on the QBE, especially studies that use designs with low risk of bias and consider desirable and undesirable behaviour separately.     

Dealing with Relational and Social Challenges After Child Soldiering: Perspectives of Formerly Recruited Youth and Their Communities in Northern Uganda

The reintegration of formerly recruited youth typically engenders a range of relational and social challenges, affecting both formerly recruited youth and the communities to which they return. Yet, research rarely studies the perspectives of community members, hampering the design of much‐needed community‐based interventions. This study aimed to understand how communities in northern Uganda experience and deal with relational and social challenges during the reintegration of youths who were formerly recruited into the Lord's resistance army (LRA). The study was undertaken in 2012 in Lira district. Participatory Ranking Methodology (PRM) was conducted with 267 participants, of whom 49 were formerly recruited youths. The results show five themes that give insight into how communities experience and handle relational and social challenges in the reintegration of formerly recruited youth: (i) letting go of fear, (ii) getting used to life after captivity, (iii) resentment and forgiveness, (iv) reducing insults and nicknaming and (v) coping with ongoing relational and social challenges. We discuss how formerly recruited youths and other community members frame relational and social challenges differently, and value similar resources for different reasons. The results of this study suggest that multiple experiences of and perspectives on relational and social challenges following child soldiering should be taken into account to develop interventions that are supported and valued by the community. Furthermore, interventions should draw upon the strategies that communities have already developed in response to relational and social challenges. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.