Trait Intellect Predicts Cognitive Engagement: Evidence from a Resource Allocation Perspective

Trait Intellect, one of the two ‘aspects’ of the broader Openness/Intellect ‘domain’, predicts performance on a range of cognitive tasks including tests of intelligence and working memory. This has been explained in terms of the tendency for high‐Intellect individuals to explore, or engage more effortfully with, abstract information. This theoretical perspective can be framed in the language of Resource Allocation Theory, in terms of high‐Intellect individuals allocating more of their available cognitive resources to abstract cognitive tasks. In two experiments (total N = 160), we examined the relation between Intellect and cognitive engagement during a primary word‐search task under conditions of both high and low secondary cognitive load. Both experiments revealed that high‐Intellect individuals were more vulnerable to the impact of the secondary cognitive load on primary task performance. This suggests that, under low secondary load, such individuals were indeed allocating more of their available cognitive resources to the primary task. These results held after controlling for trait Openness, trait Industriousness (an aspect of Conscientiousness) and a measure of working memory capacity (N‐back task). Our findings provide novel support for the cognitive mechanisms proposed to underlie trait Intellect. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology     

British Citizenship and the ‘Other’: An Analysis of the Earned Citizenship Discourse

This paper presents an analysis of interviews conducted with citizenship officers in London, working within the field of British naturalisation. We draw from a rhetorical psychology perspective to study the dilemmatic tensions that exist in the participants' discourse about naturalisation applicants who are constructed as ‘good’ and ‘bad’, as both ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’ of British citizenship. In line with a rhetorical approach, we argue that these different constructions of the migrant are strategic and are associated with different constructions of Britain as humanitarian and tolerant, on the one hand, and as being under threat by the influx of immigration, on the other hand. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this ambivalence for processes of inclusion and exclusion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

‘In Earlier Days Everyone Could Discipline Children,Now They Have Rights’: Caregiving Dilemmas of Guidance and Control in Urban Tanzania

Caregiving practices in Tanzania are potentially affected by socio‐demographic change such as urbanization and globalization. The aim of this study is to explore adult caregivers' discourses regarding the responsibility of caregiving, related to guidance and control of children in Tanzania. Data was collected in focus group discussions with parents and grandparents in an urban area of Tanzania. The analysis found two interpretative repertoires: guidance and control as a community matter and guidance and control as a family matter. These repertoires are related to responsibility and to an ideological dilemma regarding parental authority and individual's rights. The findings are discussed in relation to the tendency to polarize between ideologically traditional versus modern societies. This illustrates how lived ideology of caregiving responsibility is historically and socially situated, in the local context and how the spread of Children's Rights ideology needs to be understood in this context. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Applying a logic of appropriateness to understand behavioral differences between common resource dilemmas and public good dilemmas

Common resource dilemmas (CRDs) and public good dilemmas (PGDs) are distinct types of social dilemmas, yet they model the same underlying conflict between the collective interest and one's self-interest. Here, we study and interpret behavioral differences between these two main types of social dilemmas by applying a logic of appropriateness. In two experiments, we argue and demonstrate that CRDs, relative to PGDs, evoke higher levels of cooperation, because taking from collective property (in CRDs) is generally considered less appropriate than not giving from personal property (in PGDs). Importantly, these differential considerations of appropriateness are reflected not only in the willingness to cooperate but also in the willingness to punish and reward others' (non)cooperative behavior. Taken together, the findings reveal that CRDs and PGDs elicit different norms of appropriateness.     

社会公平感、机构信任度与公共合作意向

社会公平从古至今都是人类追求的崇高社会理想。对社会公平的感知即社会公平感直接决定着个体的机构信任,并影响其公共合作参与。本研究将社会公平感分为分配公平和程序公平,将机构信任度分为工具信任和动机信任,采用实验室情境设计的方法,引入最后通牒博弈和免责博弈范式,通过2个实验系统探讨"公正无私,一言而万民齐"的因果机制。研究发现分配公平与程序公平正作用于个体的公共合作态度与意向,在此基础上建立起公共合作的双路径模型:外部路径由分配公平产生工具信任和动机信任,进而触发公共合作;内部路径由程序公平产生动机信任和工具信任,进而触发公共合作;二者结合构成个体参与公共合作的双动力系统。双路径模型的适用性在组织情境和社会情境下均得到了支持。     

生死学视域中的“坏消息”告知

患者被隐瞒坏消息的主要理由是保护其免受恶性病情信息的打击。而主张告知患者坏消息则有四个重要理由。告知坏消息必要但不绝对,最终是否告知应当取决于患者的知情意愿,而且如果告知还需征得家属同意。强调应该由医生告知坏消息,而不是护士、社工、志愿者等。在坏消息告知方式上,强调以医护团队为主体的生死学场域的提前构建,生死学场域的构成则包括医护人员的叙事素养、生死学科普活动以及医院生死文化三个要素,其中生死学科普活动最为重要。

     

医学灰色文献：开放科学环境下医学信息资源建设的新挑战

开放科学强调不限于最终科研成果的科学研究全过程、全要素的开放共享,其中除正式出版物之外的科学资料与数据被称为灰色文献。灰色文献在科学研究中具有独特的价值,尤其在生物医药领域,灰色文献能起到消除发表偏倚、促进信息透明、支持重复检验、增进科研诚信等作用。医学灰色文献可以划分为常规型、数据型、网络型以及史料和特藏型。在其开发利用过程中,还面临知识产权、数据隐私、质控管理等问题。因此,开放科学时代医学灰色文献资源的建设与管理,对于医学科研和数字健康的发展具有重要的学术价值。

     

意识障碍患者撤销生命维持治疗的伦理困境

意识障碍领域中广泛存在着分类定义不清晰、诊断误诊率高、治疗缺乏有效性和康复不佳的临床问题。在意识障碍患者限制治疗的过程中,患者的最佳利益始终是一个未被讨论透彻的问题,西方医疗决策模式仍然存在一些缺陷且与我国存在显著差异。结合我国当下意识障碍患者医疗管理现状及医疗决策特点,提出可能的解决途径,如意识障碍患者多模态评估、分类管理、共同决策、预立照护计划。以期为意识障碍临床实践提供动力,并推进撤销意识障碍患者生命维持治疗的认识。