Noise,Economy, and the Emergence of Information Structure in a Laboratory Language

The acceptability of sentences in natural language is constrained not only grammaticality, but also by the relationship between what is being conveyed and such factors as context and the beliefs of interlocutors. In many languages the critical element in a sentence (its focus) must be given grammatical prominence. There are different accounts of the nature of focus marking. Some researchers treat it as the grammatical realization of a potentially arbitrary feature of universal grammar and do not provide an explicit account of its origins; others have argued, however, that focus marking is a (grammaticalized) functional solution to the problem of efficiently transmitting information via a noisy channel. By adding redundancy to highlight critical elements in particular, focus protects key parts of the message from noise. If this information‐theoretic account is true, then we should expect focus‐like behavior to emerge even in non‐linguistic communication systems given sufficient noise and pressures for efficiency. We tested this in an experiment in which participants played a simple communication game in which they had to click cells on a grid to communicate one of two line figures drawn across the grid. We manipulated the noise, available time, and required effort, and measured patterns of redundancy. Because the lines in many cases overlapped, meaning that only some parts of each line could be used to distinguish it from the other, we were able to compare the extent to which effort was expended on adding redundancy to critical (non‐overlapping) and non‐critical (overlapping) parts of the message. The results supported the information‐theoretic account of focus and shed light on the emergence of information structure in language.     

加强政策协同促进中国创新型药企国际化发展

中国创新型药企快速追赶国际领先企业,处于高投入低产出的成长阶段,国际化之路遭遇各种坎坷。国内创新呈现出快速跟进特点,研发热点过于集中,存在高水平重复现象,加之创新药的医保谈判采用低定价策略,可能使创新型药企难以在合理的时间段内收回研发投入,后续研发难以为继。未来,应当差异化地鼓励原始创新和一般创新,建议改进国家基本医保对创新药的支付机制,减免税收、申请费等以降低研发成本,在实施数据保护和市场独占制度提高获利预期方面形成政策协同,助推中国企业国际化。

     

负责任创新中医疗人工智能应用技术的伦理审视

负责任创新是目前探讨人工智能技术在医疗领域应用的重要理论,也是引导医疗人工智能应用技术向善发展的理想图景,其基本结构主要包括预测、反思、协商、反应四个维度。当前,医疗人工智能应用技术受技术“黑箱特质”的影响,暴露了其在安全、隐私、道德、分配等方面的伦理风险,桎梏了其应用于医疗事业的广阔前景。面对医疗人工智能应用技术的伦理困境,从其技术研发、设计、应用、跟踪等全过程分析嵌入负责任创新四维度模型,能够有效缓解医疗人工智能应用技术在实践中存在的伦理风险,从而真正实现其为人类健康的精准赋能。

     

人体生物医学研究中受试者权益保护对策

在人体生物医学研究日益发达的今天,受试者权益保护问题逐渐浮出水面。目前我国对受试者的保护主要依赖于知情同意书和伦理委员会,关于受试者权益保护的规范性文件存在层级低、不系统和不完整等问题。建立专门的受试者保护法,完善受试者权益保护相关制度迫在眉睫。研究认为,制定专门的人体生物医学研究受试者权益保护法律,完善伦理委员会制度,推行强制保险以及救济金制度,建立严格的责任体系、开展积极的社会教育是受试者权益保护的基本对策。     

循证医学的认识论探究

循证医学的兴起被认为是医学界重要的现代化运动,其哲学基础却一直倍受质疑。回顾了循证医学概念的发展和基本假设,整理了从认识论视角质疑循证医学的若干观点,着重介绍循证医学倡导者对循证医学认识论的基本看法,包括证据和知识的关系,观察到的、可观察的和不可观察的事实间的关系,正确地进行观察,指出循证医学不是全新的医学证据产生与运用理论,而是对多种科学推理规则的综合运用。循证医学是应客观需要而产生,因争议而不断自我完善,实现其迅速发展。     

Looking Forward: The Potential of Creativity for Social Justice and Equity (and Other Exciting Outcomes)

This brief essay argues for the importance for more work on how creativity predicts positive outcomes, with a particular emphasis on expanding our definitions of these positive outcomes. The way that creativity may lead to increased equity and social justice is used as an example of these type of potential research questions.     

In Pursuit of Everyday Creativity

Creativity researchers have long paid careful attention to individual creativity, beginning with studies of well‐known geniuses, and expanding to personality, biographical, cognitive, and social‐psychological studies of individual creative behavior. Little is known, however, about the everyday psychological experience and associated creative behavior in the life and work of ordinary individuals. Yet evidence is mounting that such individuals can be responsible for important instances of creativity and innovation in the world: open innovation, user innovation, and citizen innovation. Research into this phenomenon could do much to advance the study and practice of creativity.     

纵向数据分析方法

纵向研究方法是心理学研究领域的一种重要方法。近年来,国外在纵向研究数据分析方法上取得了一系列理论和应用上的进展。章对此方法进行了简要的回顾,并重点阐述了最近发展起来的纵向研究的方法：多层线性模型和潜变量增长曲线模型,并在此基础上对几种常用的方法进行了比较。     

权力感对个体的影响:调节定向的视角

采用4个研究探究了权力感对调节定向的影响。研究1通过测量被试的特质性权力感和特质性调节定向初步探索权力感水平与调节定向的关系。研究2和研究3分别通过外显角色扮演和故事回忆法来探究状态性权力感对调节定向目标表征和策略选择的影响。研究4采用身体姿势法启动权力感,进一步探究在内隐层面权力感对调节定向的影响。结果发现,高权力感个体更倾向于促进定向;而低权力感个体更倾向于预防定向,并且排除了其中可能的无关变量(情绪)的影响。本研究有助于更好地理解和整合现有的权力感研究结果,并能预测更多未知的权力感效应。     

个人化设计在临床研究中的应用——从个体角度研究个体差异

本文从有关研究证据的基础上,介绍了个人化设计的理论基础和实验设计,并在此基础上讨论了个人化设计在临床研究领域中的应用价值,总结出一种适合临床病人使用的研究程序。个人化设计允许对个体的个人价值进行分析,并能同时研究不同刺激信息的作用,在个体水平上分析个体差异。通过简化了的实验程序,个人化设计为解决临床研究中的问题提供了一种新的思维方式。文中还对相关研究法的局限进行了讨论。