神经培养的发展史与启示

简述神经培养技术与各学科关系的现状并回顾神经培养的发展历史,将神经培养历史划分为萌芽期、起步期、迅速发展阶段和新发展阶段等.从神经培养技术发展的角度入手,分析了新技术的突破与学科发展的密切关系.     

人工生殖技术伦理的多学科渊源及启示

随着人工生殖技术的飞速发展,其导致的伦理和法律问题层出不穷。目前迫切需要制定一套能够适应中国现实和发展的人工生殖技术伦理原则,以指导立法、引导社会舆论,并最终促进该技术的健康发展。通过人工生殖技术伦理的哲学、历史传统、宗教、社会制度等多学科渊源的考察,给正确、有效的伦理原则的确立提供启示。     

4-7岁儿童关于动物繁殖的朴素生物学理论的发展

以128名4、5、6、7岁儿童为被试,采用访谈和分类任务从亲代、子代两个维度探查儿童依据繁殖对动物和非生物的本体区分及因果解释,并进一步探查对繁殖的“成熟后发生”和“代代衍生”的认知。结果显示,4-7岁儿童关于动物繁殖的朴素生物学理论的发展经历了萌芽认识、部分掌握、基本掌握和成熟稳定4个阶段,6岁儿童基本掌握了动物繁殖概念,并能对之进行一致的生物学的因果解释。对动物繁殖认知的个体内差异表现为：①对动物、非生物领域的认知因任务要求而表现不同;②任务形式对发展快速期的5、6岁儿童影响显著;③儿童理解“成熟后发生”优于理解“代代衍生”,理解“向下衍生”优于理解“上溯来源”。     

从"独身女性可生育"引发的伦理道德和法律思考

<吉林省人口与计划生育条例>(2002)规定"独身女性可生育".辅助生育技术使生育与婚姻、性行为的联系,家庭亲缘与社会人伦关系,继承权、赡养权、抚养权、人格尊严权等均形成冲击,易引起家庭、医疗及社会纠纷.应使生命科学在法制的规范下与伦理道德协调发展,更好地为人类服务.     

Open-field thigmotaxis during various phases of the reproductive cycle

Three experiments were conducted on female Swiss albino mice in order to determine whether open-field (OF) ambulation and thigmotaxis (wall-seeking) alter both as functions of reproductive phases such as estrus, mating, gestation, partus, lactation, weaning, as well as of presence, absence and OF location of a newborn pup. The results revealed increased thigmotaxis as an effect of estrus ( p < 0.001). From mating to one month postpartum a growing tendency towards maternal occupation of centre OF partitions was observed. Maternal ambulation reached its peak two days before partus but dropped to its lowest level during the lactation period at which time the mice were the least wall-seeking. Ambulation was enhanced ( p < 0.001) in the presence of a pup regardless of Oft starting point and the pup's placement. However, when the mouse dam was initially placed together with the pup by the OF wall, she hardly penetrated centre units at all.     

时间复制任务中的计时中断效应

以计时中断范式和时间复制任务相结合,考察了时间复制任务中是否存在计时中断效应。结果表明：（1）计时中断范式中1700ms和2300ms时距复制均出现高估现象,说明两种时距均低于相邻的高低估现象的转换点;（2）计时中断范式中1700ms和2300ms的时距复制任务没有支持计时标量特性;（3）计时中断范式中1700ms和2300ms的时间复制任务出现了计时中断效应。     

Same-sex parent families in Italy: Validation of the Coparenting Scale-Revised for lesbian mothers and gay fathers

Even though Italy is still struggling to establish equal rights and access to assisted reproduction techniques for sexual minorities, an increasing number of lesbian women and gay men are now becoming parents. There are only a few studies that have evaluated coparenting in same-sex couples. However, these addressed adoptive couples and not the lesbian and gay parent families through donor insemination or surrogacy, respectively. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Coparenting Scale-Revised and its relationship with dyadic adjustment, discipline management, and internalized sexual stigma in Italian same-sex-planned families. The factor structure showed a satisfactory internal consistency and criterion validity with correlates of coparenting behaviours. While Family Integrity factor was confirmed, Disparagement and Reprimand dimensions collapsed into Conflict factor. Non-genetic parents showed lower levels of conflict than genetic parents. Most importantly, coparenting emerged as a significant function not shaped by gender, but influenced by parental status and internalized sexual stigma.     

GENETIC AND REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE LIGHT OF RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE

Since the gene splicing debates of the 1980s, the public has been exposed to an ongoing sequence of genetic and reproductive technologies. Many issue areas have outcomes that lose track of people's inner values or engender opposing religious viewpoints defying final resolution. This essay relocates the discussion of what is an acceptable application from the individual to the societal level, examining technologies that stand to address large numbers of people and thus call for policy resolution, rather than individual fiat, in their application. A major source of guidance is the “Genetic Frontiers” series of professional dialogues and conferences held by the National Conference for Community and Justice from 2002 to 2004. Genetic testing, human gene therapy, genetic engineering of plants and animals, and stem cell technology are examined. While differences in perspective on the beginning of life persist, a stepwise approach to the examination of genetic testing reveals areas of general agreement. Stewardship of life, human co‐creativity with the divine, and social justice help define the bounds of application of genetic engineering and therapy; compassionate care plays a major role in establishing stem cell policy. Active, sustained dialogue is a useful resource for enabling sharing of religious values and crystallization of policies.     

Modulation of aggression toward an intruder during the reproductive cycle of white king pigeons (columba livia)

For three of four mated male pigeons, intrusion of a still, two-dimensional image of a conspecific into the reproductive situation initiated aggressive behavior over months of daily testing with little habituation. There was a transient increase in aggressive contacts against the head of the target within two days prior to or following the occurrence of the second egg. Such an increase did not occur with extended daily testing of the male alone and was more closely synchronized to egg laying than time since the introduction of the female. The results are consistent with previous studies of reproductive and schedule-induced aggression in birds.     

Care Like Kin: Community Based Youth Serving Organizations and the Social Reproduction of Disconnected Youth in Rural America

Increasing economic insecurity faced by older youth in rural America presents a crisis of social reproduction for disconnected youth in these areas. Increasingly community based youth serving organizations (CBYSOs) are recognizing and responding to the social reproduction needs of this particularly vulnerable youth population. Such responses are often hidden from funders, government agencies, and community residents. Yet these institutions play an important substitution function for disconnected youth and provide critical social support and social leverage for this population. Based on case studies of three CBYSOs in the San Joaquin Valley of California, this article explores how and why CBYSOs play a substitution function for disconnected youth in rural communities. It is the argument of this article that the social reproduction work of CBYSOs is undertaken with a ethic of care that may have the capacity to transform the political, social, and economic contexts that face this marginalized youth population.