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161.
Reasoning about complex probabilistic concepts in childhood 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The competencies of children, particularly their understanding of the more complex probabilistic concepts, have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study participants were required to choose the more likely of two events, a single event, and a joint event (conjunctive or disjunctive). It was predicted that the operation of the representativeness heuristic would result in erroneous judgements when children compared an unlikely component event with a likely-unlikely conjunction (the conjunction fallacy) and when a likely component event was compared to a likely-unlikely disjunction. The results supported the first prediction with both older children aged between 9 and 10 years and younger children aged between 4 and 5 committing the conjunction fallacy. However, the second prediction was not confirmed. It is proposed that the basis of representativeness judgements may differ between the conjunctive and disjunctive cases with absolute frequency information possibly playing a differential role. 相似文献
162.
Oppenheimer DM 《Cognition》2003,90(1):B1-B9
The 'fast and frugal' approach to reasoning (Gigerenzer, G., & Todd, P. M. (1999). Simple heuristics that make us smart. New York: Oxford University Press) claims that individuals use non-compensatory strategies in judgment--the idea that only one cue is taken into account in reasoning. The simplest and most important of these heuristics postulates that judgment sometimes relies solely on recognition. However, the studies that have investigated usage of the recognition heuristic have confounded recognition with other cues that could also lead to similar judgments. This paper tests whether mere recognition is actually driving the findings in support of the recognition heuristic. Two studies provide evidence that judgments do not conform to the recognition heuristic when these confounds are accounted for. Implications for the study of simple heuristics are discussed. 相似文献
163.
I reply to challenges raised by contributors to this book symposium. Key challenges include (but are not limited to): distancing
my new account of reductionism-in-practice from my previous “new wave” account; clarifying my claimed “heuristic” status for
higher-level investigations (including cognitive-neuroscientific ones); defending the “reorientation of philosophical desires”
I claim to be required by my project; and addressing consideration about normativity. 相似文献
164.
《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(5):650-658
Representational Momentum (RM) was the name given to a phenomenon whereby the last seen position of a suddenly vanished moving target is judged as located further ahead in the direction of movement. We argue in this paper that the role of target travelled distance and of target vanishing position in the modulation of RM have been unduly confounded in previous research. Shortcomings arising from this confounding are noticed and discussed. An experiment that dissociates factorially the effects of these two variables in Michotte-like causal displays as well as in noncausal displays is presented and concludes that vanishing point, not length of travel, is the relevant factor to consider. 相似文献
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167.
Kai Kaspar Alina Vennek?tter 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2015,11(3):64-76
Research in the field of embodied cognition showed that incidental weight
sensations influence peoples’ judgments about a variety of issues and objects.
Most studies found that heaviness compared to lightness increases the perception
of importance, seriousness, and potency. In two experiments, we broadened this
scope by investigating the impact of weight sensations on cognitive performance.
In Experiment 1, we found that the performance in an anagram task was reduced
when participants held a heavy versus a light clipboard in their hands. Reduced
performance was accompanied by an increase in the perceived effort. In
Experiment 2, a heavy clipboard elicited a specific response heuristic in a
two-alternative forced-choice task. Participants showed a significant right side
bias when holding a heavy clipboard in their hands. After the task, participants
in the heavy clipboard condition reported to be more frustrated than
participants in the light clipboard condition. In both experiments, we did not
find evidence for mediated effects that had been proposed by previous
literature. Overall, the results indicate that weight effects go beyond judgment
formation and highlight new avenues for future research. 相似文献
168.
Juliane E. Kämmer Wolfgang Gaissmaier Torsten Reimer Carsten C. Schermuly 《Cognitive Science》2014,38(5):911-942
Applying the framework of ecological rationality, the authors studied the adaptivity of group decision making. In detail, they investigated whether groups apply decision strategies conditional on their composition in terms of task‐relevant features. The authors focused on the recognition heuristic, so the task‐relevant features were the validity of the group members' recognition and knowledge, which influenced the potential performance of group strategies. Forty‐three three‐member groups performed an inference task in which they had to infer which of two German companies had the higher market capitalization. Results based on the choice data support the hypothesis that groups adaptively apply the strategy that leads to the highest theoretically achievable performance. Time constraints had no effect on strategy use but did have an effect on the proportions of different types of arguments. Possible mechanisms underlying the adaptive use of recognition in group decision making are discussed. 相似文献
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