Rethinking women's ways of knowing: Gender commonalities and intersections with postformal thought

Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, and Tarule (1986) identified five ways of knowing in women: silent, received, subjective, procedural, and constructed. This study examined the extent to which they were used by both women and men and their intersection with postformal, relativistic thought (Sinnott, 1989b). As listed, the ways of knowing fall along a continuum of increasingly complex thought; hence, overlap between constructed knowing and relativistic thought was expected. Thirty female and 30 male university students (aged 27 to 43 years) completed a structured interview about ways of knowing, solved two hypothetical everyday problems, and completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Age predicted neither ways of knowing nor relativistic thought; increasing education was predictive of relativistic thought but not constructed knowing. Neither women nor men relied on received knowing; women used subjective knowing more than men did, while the opposite was true for procedural knowing. While there were no gender differences in relativistic thought or constructed knowing, femininity was associated positively with both. Finally, procedural knowing decreased while constructed knowing increased with increasing evidence of relativistic thought.     

Development and yearning: Cognitive aspects of spiritual development

Spirituality is important to humans but gets little attention in experimental studies of life span cognitive development. One way to integrate such studies is to examine cognitive aspects of spiritual development using complex postformal Piagetian models. Four possible points of interface within postformal models are: developmental stages; elements of emotion and will; multiperson cognition; and forms taken by the processes used. Testable hypotheses are outlined and some possible difficulties to be expected within such research are discussed.     

THE NATURE OF PHYSICAL REALITY

Abstract. This account of the dynamical theory of chaos leads to a metaphysical picture of a world with an open future, in which the laws of physics are emergent-downward approximations to a more subtle and supple reality and in which there is downward causation through information input as well as upward causation through energy input. Such a metaphysical picture can accommodate both human and divine agency.     

The effects of rational emotive behavior therapy and motivational interviewing on emotions,automatic thoughts,and perceived performance of elite female volleyball players

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy intervention alone (REBT-A) or with motivational interviewing (REBT + MI) on the emotions, automatic thoughts, and perceived performance of elite female volleyball players.Designand method: Single-case, staggered multiple-baseline AB and ABC designs were adapted in the study. Five female volleyball players participated in the study, of which three players participated in the REBT-A and two players participated in the REBT + MI. The athletes were competing in the national volleyball league (M_age = 28, SD = 5.52). All participants were elite athletes with at least ten years of sports experience. Three scores (T1, T2, T3) were calculated for the athletes' perceived performance, emotion, and automatic thoughts. T1 was the baseline score calculated before the sessions. T2 was calculated after the first two sessions (the first three sessions for REBT + MI) and T3 was calculated after the last three sessions. In the data analysis, percentage changes, effect size, and visual analyzes were used in the T1, T2, and T3 scores.ResultsREBT-A and REBT + MI interventions increased perceived performance, positive emotions, and positive automatic thoughts, and decreased negative emotions and negative automatic thoughts. REBT + MI was more advantageous than REBT-A in increasing positive emotion, positive automatic thought, and perceived performance.ConclusionsAs a result, REBT alone or with motivational interviewing has a positive effect on perceived performance, emotions, and automatic thoughts, but REBT + MI has greater potential to increase positive constructs.     

Ignorance May Be Bliss, But Thought Suppression Promotes Superficial Cognitive Processing

This study examined the impact of thought suppression on the quality of cognitive processing and self-reported mood. While completing a stream-of-consciousness task about two topics sequentially, participants were either instructed to suppress negative thoughts or were given no suppression instructions. Computer-based content analyses indicated that thought suppression led to significantly less causal reasoning and discrepancy seeking. However, the suppression of negative thoughts also resulted in a more positive mood. Results suggest that thought suppression can improve mood but it comes with the cognitive cost of superficial processing.     

浅论肝移植医师的理念和思维

随着医学的进步,在新的医疗形势下,肝移植是对器官移植科医师的巨大挑战,在实际临床工作中,应首先树立正确的器官移植医患关系观,不断提高自己的人文修养和职业素养,进一步完善与肝移植相关的新的知识结构,运用正确的哲学理念和逻辑方式来处理与肝移植相关的临床问题。使肝移植患者得到满意的治疗效果。     

中国传统和谐思想解读

中国传统和谐思想极为丰富,涉及到了民本执政理念、经济定国战略、公平分配定律、社会救助体系、民主决策模式、中庸领导方法、和平邦交策略等。这些思想是指导中国古代社会建设的理论精华。认真发掘研究和继承这些宝贵文化遗产,对于加强社会主义和谐社会建设,仍具有积极意义。     

简析《老子》管理思想的战略性思维及其时代意义

《老子》既蕴含着丰富的管理思想,又渗透着战略性思维,其战略思想与《孙子兵法》的战略思想有着辩证统一性,对现代企业战略管理具有重要的指导意义。     

对《周易》的心理学思想研究的几点浅见

《周易》是中国最古老的文化典籍之一,其中蕴含着丰富的心理学思想。对《周易》心理学思想已有研究进行梳理,可以从研究成果、研究热点、研究领域、影响范围、应用性等方面分析已有研究的特点。已有研究的不足体现在:研究人员少;系统性差;经验化强,严谨性差;表面化;个人化;存在空白点;经、传混淆;重义理,轻象数等方面。在此基础上,明确了今后该领域研究的总体指导原则,并尝试提出了具体建议:加强多学科合作研究;加强实证性研究;加强多领域全方位研究,构建完整体系;加强《周易》在组织管理心理学和健康心理学等应用领域的研究;注意限定语境;继续推进国际化,规范学术翻译。