Reducing self‐control depletion effects through enhanced sensitivity to implementation: Evidence from fMRI and behavioral studies

Research suggests self-control relies on a limited set of resources that can be diminished by use. Recent theories posit that there are two stages of self-control: recognizing the need for control and implementing controlled responses. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment and an intervention experiment to investigate whether one or both stages were affected by the prior exercise of self-control. Results from both experiments indicated that only the implementation stage was affected. Further, we demonstrate that self-control can be increased by an intervention designed to boost implementation, as opposed to the recognition of the need to control one's responses.     

Preventing The Oil “Resource Curse” In Ghana: Lessons From Nigeria

Ghana joined the list of oil-producing countries with the export of its first oil from the Jubilee oilfield in January 2011. President John Atta Mills's statement drawing attention to the potential paradigm shift as well as risks that the discovery of oil and gas imposes not only speaks to the complexity of extractive-industry-engendered development, but it also makes it imperative that the country learns from other countries’ successes and failures. In this article, we use the “resource curse” thesis to examine the emerging dynamics and complexities in Ghana's oil industry, with the attempt to draw both correlations with and lessons from the Nigerian case. The article highlights five key lessons in Nigeria's management of its oil–gas resources related to the legal-regulatory framework, development of the oil-producing areas, Corporate Social Responsibility, management of oil revenues, and oil–civil society nexus that Ghana should give serious thoughts to in order to leverage its new found oil wealth and avert the “resource curse.”     

公共资源困境中领导对群体成员合作行为的影响

过去社会困境的领导研究大多都以被试作为领导, 发现贴上领导标签后, 被试倾向于拿取更多的公共资源, 从而有碍公共利益的实现。本研究指出, 如果领导的背叛行为能够使群体成员表现出自我节制行为的话, 那么设置领导则有可能促进公共利益的实现。研究通过三个实验, 考察领导与普通群体成员不同的行为方式以及领导的产生方式对群体成员行为的影响, 并检验公平理论和社会认同理论的解释力。研究结果表明, 领导表现出背叛行为时, 被试表现出更多的自我节制行为; 指派领导及外群体选举领导背叛时, 被试表现出更多的自我节制行为, 验证了社会认同理论的正确性。     

2001年～2010年新疆13个地州市卫生资源配置公平性分析

基于洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数视角,对2001年～2010年新疆13个地州市卫生资源配置公平性进行分析,发现新疆13个地州市卫生技术人员和医生的配置大多数年份处于不公平状态,而病床的配置大多数年份处于比较公平状态,建议从卫生投入、政策倾斜及卫生人员培训等角度协调新疆卫生资源的配置.     

河南省医疗改革的公平性分析

河南省医疗改革突出的难题在于如何实现保健资源的公平公正.影响河南医疗改革公平的因素是产权改制的方向偏差,道德异乡人的利益博弈,资本和技术对医学的剥蚀,医学、医疗自身发展的失衡.实现医疗改革公平的对策建议是显化政府责任伦理,重建医患利益共同体,整合优化卫生资源的配置,推行医学整体化的发展模式.     

关系受益人绩效对关系行使人资源分配的影响

关系型决策往往涉及关系行使人和关系受益人两大主体。先前研究很少考察关系受益人的非关系因素对关系行使人决策结果的影响。为了弥补这一缺陷,通过一系列的实验室实验来检验关系受益人的绩效水平对关系行使人资源分配结果的影响。四个组内实验设计重复验证了如下结果:当关系受益人绩效明显低于同伴时,关系行使人会照顾关系受益人,并做出对关系受益人更有利的不公平资源分配;然而,当关系受益人绩效明显高于同伴的时候,关系行使人不会照顾关系受益人,并做出更为公平的资源分配。这说明只有当人们处于明显劣势的时候,关系才会在资源分配过程中起到一定的补偿作用。研究结果有助于理论界和实践界更好地理解关系型决策过程。     

儿童资源获取行为对学校适应的影响——一个历时5年的跨文化追踪

以160名中国儿童和133名加拿大儿童为被试,采用实验室观察和问卷调查,考察儿童7岁时的资源获取行为对其11岁时学校适应的影响。结果表明：（1）轮流规则行为对儿童的学校适应具有消极的预测作用,且存在性别差异：男孩的轮流规则行为可以显著正向预测其焦虑,女孩的轮流规则行为可以显著负向预测其学校态度;（2）请求行为可以显著正向预测中国儿童攻击行为,加拿大儿童则没有发现该关系;（3）对于资源获取失败次数少的儿童,求助成人行为有积极的适应意义;（4）儿童资源获取行为的结果在儿童7岁时资源获取行为与11岁时学校适应之间发挥调节作用;对于资源获取成功次数少的儿童,请求行为可以显著地正向预测其攻击行为;对于资源获取失败次数少的儿童,请求行为则显著地负向预测其攻击行为,求助成人行为可以显著地负向预测其孤独感。     

潜在冲突情境下7岁儿童的资源获得行为

采用实验室观察, 对7岁儿童(中国160人, 加拿大133人)在潜在冲突情境下的资源获得行为进行考察, 旨在比较中西文化背景下, 儿童资源获得行为上的差异及其背后的文化意义。结果表明：中国儿童的求助成人和给予行为显著多于加拿大儿童; 加拿大儿童的资源获得失败和为自己获得资源的频率显著高于中国儿童。果敢行为和轮流规则都是有效的资源获得方式; 请求行为则是无效的。求助成人是中国男孩获得资源的一种有效方式; 对加拿大儿童来说, 则是无效的。     

资源的交换价值和工资性质对其分配公平感的影响

如何公平合理地分配有限的资源是每一个组织都要面对的基本问题。在组织资源分配中存在一个有趣的现象, 即平均分配金钱往往会比平均分配特定商品让人感到更不公平。前人研究认为, 这是因金钱较之特定的商品具有更多交换价值导致的。3个实验对这一重要的心理现象进行了重新研究发现, 不仅交换价值影响资源分配的公平感, 而且资源的工资性质对其分配的公平感也有重要影响。这一发现丰富了Adams的公平理论, 同时也为组织更好地分配资源提供重要参考。     

Chasing Our Tails: Psychological, Institutional and Societal Paradoxes in Natural Resource Management, Sustainability, and Climate Change in Australia

Natural Resource Management (NRM) and Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) have been guiding frameworks in Australia for a number of decades. Recently, NRM and ESD have become central to climate change mitigation. In this paper, we explore the psychological paradoxes that function within climate change settings, with particular attention devoted to the way that research and development reinforces these paradoxes by advocating for participatory forms of inquiry. Paradox emerges in NRM at psychological, institutional, and organisational levels. Paradoxes are also features of different forms of democracy such as neoliberal and participatory democracy. Although NRM, ESD and climate change are often conceptualised as distinct issue domains, these policy areas are fundamentally interconnected in both theory and in practice. This interconnection between these policy and research settings, reflections on paradox, and the experience of incorporating community psychology into the paradoxical settings of NRM and climate change are captured in this paper.