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901.
以汉语塞-元音节(/pa/、/pi/和/pu/)及其声学线索的非言语模拟音为语境音,汉语/ta/-/ka/连续体为目标音,在3个实验中考察了语境音对汉语听者识别目标音的影响及潜在机制。实验1发现3个塞-元音节的语境效应与频谱对比效应的预期部分一致,与发音特征理论的预期相矛盾。实验2和实验3发现3个塞-元音节关键声学线索(第二共振峰轨迹)的非言语模拟音和所有共振峰轨迹的非言语模拟音表现出类似的语境效应,二者与3个塞-元音节的语境效应总体上一致,但细节方面存在一些差别。实验结果表明塞-元-塞音序列的语境效应主要源于语境音节关键声学线索的差异,这为听觉理论提供了支持,但语境音的语音范畴也部分影响到3个音节的语境效应模式。另外实验结果发现远离目标音关键声学线索频率区的语境音也促进了特定语音范畴的识别,可能由于语境音激活了相应语音范畴的声学线索。 相似文献
902.
A robust literature has developed documenting neurocognitive late effects in survivors of leukemia and central nervous system (CNS) tumors, the most frequent cancer diagnoses of childhood. Patterns of late effects include deficits in attention and concentration, working memory, processing speed, and executive function, as well as other domains. As childhood cancer survivors are living longer, ameliorating deficits both in broad and specific neurocognitive domains has been increasingly recognized as an endeavor of paramount importance. Interventions to improve cognitive functioning were first applied to the field of pediatric oncology in the 1990s, based on strategies used effectively with adults who had sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Compilation and modification of these techniques has led to the development of structured cognitive training programs, with the effectiveness and feasibility of such interventions currently an active area of research. Consequently, the purpose of this critical review is to: (1) review cognitive training programs intended to remediate or prevent neurocognitive deficits in pediatric cancer patients and survivors, (2) critically analyze training program strengths and weaknesses to inform practice, and (3) provide recommendations for future directions of clinical care and research. 相似文献
903.
Marjan Smrke 《宗教、国家与社会》2016,44(2):152-171
This article discusses the financial collapse of Slovenia’s Catholic Church, a scandal which resulted in the deposition of the country’s archbishops, and its impact on religious belief and on the relations within the Slovenian Catholic establishment and community. Trust in the Church and religious participation have dropped markedly in Slovenia over recent years. While there are no significant changes in religious belief, other religious indicators continue to reflect an ongoing moderate trend towards secularisation that is characteristic of Slovenia in the post-socialist era. The public discourse of the Church’s leadership and lay Catholics reveals tensions on the reasons behind the fall of the Church’s financial empire and on the question of responsibility in the removal of Slovenia’s archbishops. Two general types of reactions were identified in a content analysis of texts from a five-month period after the last depositions. Views within the Slovene Catholic Church, which uphold the institution’s traditional stance, tend to explain these developments as part of a conspiracy against the Church. Others that are more open and reflective are critical towards the actions of the Church and demand change from within the institution. 相似文献
904.
The perception of direct gaze—that is, of another individual’s gaze directed at the observer—is known to influence a wide range of cognitive processes and behaviors. We present a new theoretical proposal to provide a unified account of these effects. We argue that direct gaze first captures the beholder’s attention and then triggers self-referential processing, i.e., a heightened processing of stimuli in relation with the self. Self-referential processing modulates incoming information processing and leads to the Watching Eyes effects, which we classify into four main categories: the enhancement of self-awareness, memory effects, the activation of pro-social behavior, and positive appraisals of others. We advance that the belief to be the object of another’s attention is embedded in direct gaze perception and gives direct gaze its self-referential power. Finally, we stress that the Watching Eyes effects reflect a positive impact on human cognition; therefore, they may have a therapeutic potential, which future research should delineate. 相似文献
905.
Hannah L. Young Laura D. Lehman Ellen Faherty Kira N. Sandefer 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2016,25(7):671-685
Domestic violence affects not only the victims and perpetrators, but also children living in these households. This study examined the long-term effects of a training presented to all employees working in 22 different rural school districts (N = 556). Quantitative and qualitative data were collected to determine the long-term impact of the training. After approximately 4 years, the staff who had received the training reported that they had significantly more confidence in handling families dealing with domestic violence; however, both groups reported similar levels of general knowledge of the topic. Recommendations for training school personnel are provided along with key elements for replicating the training. 相似文献
906.
Tsoey Wun Man 《Visual cognition》2016,24(9-10):447-458
Research on the own-gender bias in face recognition has indicated an asymmetrical effect: an effect found only in women. We investigated the own-gender bias, using an eye-tracker to examine whether the own-gender bias is associated with differential processing strategies. We found an own-gender bias in our female participants. Our eye-tracking analysis indicated different scanning behaviours when processing own- and other-gender faces, with longer and more fixations to the eyes when viewing own-gender faces. Our results favour the socio-cognitive model, whilst acknowledging the role of perceptual expertise in the own-gender bias. 相似文献
907.
Andreas Brocher Jean-Pierre Koenig 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2016,12(1):50-66
Negative compatibility effects (NCEs)—that is, slower responses to targets in
related than unrelated prime-target pairs, have been observed in studies using
stimulus-response (S-R) priming with stimuli like arrows and plus signs.
Although there is no consensus on the underlying mechanism, explanations tend to
locate NCEs within the motor-response system. A characteristic property of
perceptuo-motor NCEs is a biphasic pattern of activation: A brief period in
which very briefly presented (typically) masked primes facilitate processing of
related targets is followed by a phase of target processing impairment. In this
paper, we present data that suggest that NCEs are not restricted to S-R priming
with low-level visual stimuli: The brief (50 ms), backward masked (250 ms)
presentation of ambiguous words (bank) leads to slower
responses than baseline to words related to the more frequent
(rob) but not less frequent meaning
(swim). Importantly, we found that slowed responses are
preceded by a short phase of response facilitation, replicating the biphasic
pattern reported for arrows and plus signs. The biphasic pattern of priming and
the fact that the NCEs were found only for target words that are related to
their prime word’s more frequent meaning has strong implications for any theory
of NCEs that locate these effects exclusively within the motor-response system. 相似文献
908.
Thomas F. Tracy 《Zygon》2000,35(4):891-900
Recent articles by Nicholas Saunders, Carl Helrich, and Jeffrey Koperski raise important questions about attempts to make use of quantum mechanics in giving an account of particular divine action in the world. In response, I make two principal points. First, some of the most pointed theological criticisms lose their force if we attend with sufficient care to the limited aims of proposals about divine action at points of quantum indetermination. Second, given the current state of knowledge, it remains an open option to make theological use of an indeterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics. Any such proposal, however, will be an exploratory hypothesis offered in the face of deep uncertainties regarding the measurement problem and the presence in natural systems of amplifiers for quantum effects. 相似文献
909.
In the context of structural equation modeling, a general interaction model with multiple latent interaction effects is introduced.
A stochastic analysis represents the nonnormal distribution of the joint indicator vector as a finite mixture of normal distributions.
The Latent Moderated Structural Equations (LMS) approach is a new method developed for the analysis of the general interaction
model that utilizes the mixture distribution and provides a ML estimation of model parameters by adapting the EM algorithm.
The finite sample properties and the robustness of LMS are discussed. Finally, the applicability of the new method is illustrated
by an empirical example.
This research has been supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany, No. Mo 474/1 and Mo 474/2.
The data for the empirical example have been provided by Andreas Thiele of the University of Frankfurt, Germany. The authors
are indebted to an associate editor and to three anonymous reviewers ofPsychometrika whose comments and suggestions have been very helpful. 相似文献
910.
A great deal of research has shown that small changes in question wording, format, orordering can sometimes substantially alter people's reports of their attitudes. Althoughmany scholars have presumed that these so-called response effects are likely to be morepronounced when the attitudes being measured are weak, a number of studies have disconfirmedthis notion. This paper presents several new tests of this hypothesis using a variety of measuresand analytic techniques. The findings largely replicated previously documented effects andnon-effects but also uncovered new effects not previously tested. No single strength-relatedattitude attribute emerged as a consistent moderator of all response effects. Rather, differentindividual attributes moderated different effects, and a conglomeration of strength-relateddimensions did not emerge as a reliable moderator. Taken together, these results support theconclusions that different response effects occur as the result of different cognitive processes,and that various strength-related attitude attributes reflect distinct latent constructs rather than asingle one. 相似文献