压力性生活事件与青少年自尊：被动性社交网站使用和人生意义感的中介作用

采用青少年生活事件量表、被动性社交网站使用量表、生命意义感量表以及自尊量表对605名青少年施测,旨在探讨压力性生活事件对自尊的效应以及被动性社交网站使用和人生意义感的中介作用。结果发现：被动性社交网站使用和拥有人生意义感在压力性生活事件与自尊之间起中介作用,压力性生活事件分别通过被动性社交网站使用、拥有人生意义感的中介作用和被动性社交网站使用与拥有人生意义感的序列中介作用对自尊产生效应。     

Irrational beliefs and unconditional self-acceptance. I. Correlational evidence linking two key features of REBT

In a study with 102 non-clinical adults, relationships between measures of irrational beliefs, unconditional self-acceptance, self-esteem and the Big-5 personality dimensions were investigated. As expected, unconditional self-acceptance was highly correlated with self-esteem. In line with key tenets of REBT, individuals who scored highly on unconditional self-acceptance scored low on irrational beliefs even after self-esteem had been partialled out. Unconditional self-acceptance was found to be significantly (negatively) correlated with Neuroticism but not with other Big-5 personality dimensions. Irrational beliefs were found to correlate positively with Neuroticism and negatively with Openness. Factor analysis of the unconditional self-acceptance scale did not show a simple one-dimensional structure. A revised version of the scale comprising those items that did not load on a self-esteem factor produced a purer measure of unconditional self-acceptance that did not correlate significantly with self-esteem. The findings have implications for investigating unconditional self-acceptance in studies of therapeutic outcome.     

Frequent Social Comparisons and Destructive Emotions and Behaviors: The Dark Side of Social Comparisons

Social comparisons may seem to serve several positive functions, including self-enhancement. Frequent social comparisons, however, have a dark side. Two studies examined the relationship between frequent social comparisons and destructive emotions and behaviors. In Study 1, people who said they made frequent social comparisons were more likely to experience envy, guilt, regret, and defensiveness, and to lie, blame others, and to have unmet cravings. In Study 2, police officers who said they made frequent social comparisons were more likely to show ingroup bias and to be less satisfied with their jobs. The dark side of frequent social comparisons was not associated with self-esteem. Results are discussed in terms of the role of individual differences in social comparison processes.     

自尊对自我确认倾向的影响:来自人际选择的证据

采用改编后的“整体自尊问卷”和“交谈自尊问卷”筛选出整体自尊和交谈自尊高低不同的四组被试,通过模拟现实人际互动情境,在评价人对被试的交谈表现提供不同评价(肯定或否定)及表达不同交友态度(接受或排斥)的条件下,考察了整体自尊与特殊自尊对人际互动过程中自我确认倾向的影响,结果表明:(1)不论社交需求是否获得满足,即整体自尊是否得以维持,被试的自我确认倾向都只受特殊自尊的调节;(2)在社交需求和一致性需求同时获得满足,即整体自尊与特殊自尊均得以维持时,被试的自我确认倾向受整体自尊和特殊自尊的共同调节;(3)在社交需求和一致性需求未同时获得满足,即整体自尊和特殊自尊不能同时得以维持时,高整体自尊者的自我确认倾向受特殊自尊的调节,而低整体自尊者未表现出自我确认的倾向。     

个体攻击性结构与自尊关系研究

本研究采用内隐联结测验,对个体攻击性结构和自尊关系进行了探讨。研究发现:(1)个体在外显攻击性、内隐攻击性在自尊上没有差异;(2)在高外显攻击性个体中,其自尊随着内隐攻击性增高而降低,在低外显攻击性个体中,自尊和内隐攻击性关系不紧密。     

Experimentally Increasing Self-Continuity Improves Subjective Well-Being and Protects against Self-Esteem Deterioration from an Ego-Deflating Task

‘Self-continuity,’ or ‘continuous identity’ is the sense of cross-temporal persistence of identity and is associated with positive mood and decreased suicidality. Few studies have examined whether self-continuity is affected by reviewing cross-temporal patterns of personality traits and if increasing self-continuity improves subjective well-being. Study 1 examined the effects of writing about patterns of cross-temporal personality traits and found that this led to increased future self-continuity and reported life satisfaction. Study 2 examined the effects of a structured interview about cross-temporal personality traits and visualizing past/future selves and found that this led to increased future self-continuity, satisfaction with life, positive mood, and less deterioration in self-esteem after an impossible anagram task. These results suggest that increasing self-continuity may improve psychological health and well-being by increasing identity stability.     

Self-esteem: Its mediating effects on the relationship between discrimination at work and employee organisation commitment and turn-over intention

This study examined self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between perceived discrimination, employee intentions to quit, and affective organisation commitment. A convenience sample of 414 South African employees were participants (female?=?44.9%; black?=?42.3%; 38.2% between the age of 26 and 35). Of the participants, 72.7% were from the private sector. The employees completed measures of self-esteem, perceived discrimination, and affective organisation commitment. We utilised Structural Equation Modelling to determine the direct and indirect effects of self-esteem on employee attitudes, affective organisation commitment, and intentions to quit. Findings indicate that high self-esteem scores predict affective organisation commitment by ameliorating a sense of work-place discrimination. This is influenced by race, ethnicity, and gender. By contrast, low self-esteem scores predicted high intensions to quit due to perceived work-place discrimination. As such, high self-esteem is important for the reduction of the perceived work-place discrimination effects on affective organisation commitment and for job retention among workers of a society with a history of race-based civil strife.     

The relation between low self-esteem and depressive mood in a non-clinical sample: The role of gender and negative life events

The suggestion that self-esteem is both a protective and a risk factor for depression is well documented. However, this association is not consistently observed by empirical research. The current study investigated the main and interactive effects of low self-esteem and stressful life events on depressive mood in a sample of university students (N = 862; female = 72%; black = 67%; mean age = 21.70, SD = 13.51). The students completed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM); with stressful life events scores as a mediator, and gender as a moderator, of the relation between low self-esteem and depression. Results indicate that low self-esteem significantly predicted depression, and that stressful life events partially mediated that relationship. Support emerged for the vulnerability effects of low self-esteem on depression and they held across gender groups. Low self-esteem may be a significant indicator of individuals who are at risk for developing depressive mood.     

The stability of self-esteem variability: A real-time assessment

The present study investigates stability and variability as distinct features of state self-esteem change. The amount of variance attributable to stable individual differences, the association between successive self-esteem experiences, and situational and/or person × situation interaction effects were estimated in repeated measures of self-esteem whilst considering measurement invariance. N = 160 adolescents reported momentary self-esteem in an experience sampling study, (i.e., three assessments a day, over a 2-day period). Latent state-trait analysis indicate that change in state self-esteem is a stable process largely determined by interindividual differences in trait self-esteem, while the impact of occasion-specific influences is small. These intrinsic dynamics ensure consistent self-referential experiences. Results reveal experience sampling as a suitable method to track short-term changes of self-esteem.     

自尊稳定性的认知神经机制

自尊稳定性(自尊在短期内波动的幅度)是一种具有重要心理功能的人格特质, 它既不同于自尊水平, 也区别于情境性自尊, 但在理论和测量上却与后两者具有密不可分的联系。然而, 由于目前人们对于自尊稳定性的认知神经机制知之甚少, 所以并不清楚它与自尊水平在生理机制上的关系是什么, 更不了解它会如何调节情境性自尊。鉴于此, 本研究计划将自尊稳定性、自尊水平和情境性自尊置于整合的认知神经加工模型(神经内分泌-脑-行为)之中, 通过融合心理测量、脑成像与应激诱发等多种技术指标, 力争全方位、多角度揭示自尊稳定性的认知神经机制, 及其与自尊水平、情境性自尊间的区别和联系。