试论社会人群中医学信息的不对称性

简述了社会人群中产生的医学信息不对称性的根源、特点和社会效应,以及医务人员应如何正确对待这个问题.     

负性生活事件对初中生自我伤害行为的影响:有调节的中介效应

采用负性生活事件量表、自我批评量表、亲子关系量表和青少年自我伤害行为问卷对333名初中生进行测查,探讨负性生活事件对初中生自我伤害行为的影响及作用机制。结果表明:(1)负性生活事件对初中生的自我批评和自我伤害行为均有显著的正向预测作用;(2)自我批评在负性生活事件与初中生自我伤害行为之间起着部分中介作用;(3)负性生活事件和自我批评的关系(中介效应的前半段路径)受到亲子关系的调节,即负性生活事件对自我批评的正向影响随着父子关系和母子关系的增强而减弱。因此,负性生活事件和初中生自我伤害行为之间存在有调节的中介效应。     

二胎环境下小学高年级“脱独”儿童父母教养方式与同胞关系:心理理论的中介作用

研究采用问卷集体施测,收集了788名小学高年级“脱独”儿童的父母教养方式、同胞关系以及心理理论的状况,探讨小学高年级“脱独”儿童父母教养方式对同胞关系的影响及心理理论作为中介变量的影响。结果表明:心理理论在父母教养方式中的父亲过分干涉、母亲情感温暖理解、母亲惩罚严厉、母亲过分干涉与同胞关系之间起完全中介作用; 心理理论在父亲情感温暖理解、父亲偏爱与同胞关系之间起部分中介作用。研究认为,良好的父母教养方式,有助于个体提高心理理论,并可能在一定程度上改善同胞关系。     

和谐医患命运共同体建设的思考

医患关系作为医疗诊治活动中最主要的关系,是以医护人员为核心的群体与以患者为核心的群体之间的关系。近来,医患关系在一定程度上的对立以及由此引发的社会公共事件激起了广泛的社会反响。旨在通过构建人类命运共同体对医患关系的启示,结合社会现实和医患关系实际,从医患双方生命至重的理念统一、防病治病的过程统一、平等尊重的人文情怀统一以及权利义务的关系统一等方面,对当前医患关系进行深入分析,对“和谐医患命运共同体”的建设加以阐释,以期对医患关系的深入探讨提出可行性的建议和支持。     

Parents’ postnatal depressive symptoms and their children's academic attainment at 16 years: Pathways of risk transmission

The aim of the study was to examine whether parents’ increased postnatal depressive symptoms predicted children's academic attainment over time and whether the parent–child relationship, children's prior academic attainment, and mental health mediated this association. We conducted secondary analyses on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data (12,607 mothers, 9,456 fathers). Each parent completed the Edinburgh-Postnatal Depression Scale at 8 weeks after the child's birth (predictor) and a questionnaire about the mother–child and father–child relationship at 7 years and 1 month (mediator). The children's mental health problems were assessed with the teacher version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at 10–11 years (mediator). We used data on the children's academic attainment on UK Key Stage 1 (5–7 years; mediator) and Key Stage 4 (General Certificate of Secondary Education 16 years) (outcome). We adjusted for the parents’ education, and child gender and cognitive ability. The results revealed that parents’ depressive symptoms at 8 weeks predicted lower academic performance in children at 16 years. Mothers’ postnatal depressive symptoms had an indirect effect through children's mental health problems on academic outcomes at 16 years via negative mother–child relationship, and prior academic attainment. There was a significant negative indirect effect of fathers’ postnatal depressive symptoms on academic attainment at 16 years via negative father–child relationship on child mental health. The findings suggest that the family environment (parental mental health and parent–child relationship) and children's mental health should be potential targets for support programmes for children of depressed parents.     

医患双方对医患关系认知差异性的调查分析

采取整群随机抽样方法,现场调查发现,医患双方对医患关系重要性的认知一致,而对其性质、发展趋势、法律适用,以及医患冲突的主要诱因、责任主体、主要解决方式的认知状况均存在着显著性差异。相互理解、交流和尊重是建立和谐医患关系的根本措施。     

儿童社交回避行为：成因、测量方式及适应功能

社会退缩行为是指儿童在社会情境中抑制自己参与同伴互动并表现出独处的行为。根据不同的社交动机,社会退缩行为包含多种亚类型,其中社交回避行为这一亚类型指儿童总是表现出主动避免各种社交场合的行为。总体而言,社交回避是目前研究最少的一种,其形成的主要原因可能是由于儿童本身较高的抑郁感所致,而研究者已开始尝试以间接和直接的方式测量其水平。来自以变量为中心和以个体为中心的研究分别表明,社交回避儿童面临着最高的适应风险。鉴于这一研究领域的广泛前景,未来的研究亟需关注社交回避影响儿童适应的过程机制及其年龄发展特点,测量工具的进一步开发,直接的跨文化比较以及社交回避的干预方案开发。     

婚恋关系中的相似性匹配及争议

婚恋匹配涉及身体特征、社会人口统计学特征、个性心理等方面,有相似性匹配和互补性匹配两种假说,但相似匹配的证据远多于互补。针对感知相似与实际相似的作用、相似性匹配与婚恋质量的关系、以及相似匹配的优势地位与适宜性等争议,分析了导致相似性匹配争议的原因。未来应致力于深化研究内容以建立婚恋匹配理论模型,实现测评方法的多样化、测量指标和工具的科学化,确保相似性计算和统计分析方法的严谨性,并加强婚恋匹配的本土化和跨文化研究。     

Loving and angry? Happy and sad? Understanding and reporting of mixed emotions in mother–child relationships by 6‐ to 12‐year‐olds

The Evaluative Space Model of emotions allows for the coactivation of positive‐appetitive and negative‐avoidant systems, but few studies have examined mixed emotions in child development. Existing research suggests children's understanding of opposite valence emotion combinations emerges by approximately 11 years of age. However, it is not yet clear whether various opposite valence combinations are understood at different ages, nor whether children can understand them in others before they have experienced such mixed emotions themselves. Semi‐structured interviews with 97 children investigated whether they regarded six combinations of opposite valence mixed emotions as possible, could provide reasons for them, and report their own experience of each in the context of mother–child relationships. Both understanding that such combinations are possible and ability to provide reasons for them increased after age 6 and up to age 11, but were still incomplete in 12‐year‐olds. Understanding of different opposite valence combinations developed at different rates. At each age, fewer children who showed understanding of these combinations in others reported having had a similar experience themselves. The findings suggest a need to systematically examine a range of mixed emotions in order to develop a comprehensive theory of the development of mixed emotion understanding. They also suggest extending research into adolescence.