La relevancia de las “partes” en el sistema léxico-conceptual. Revisión de la relación conceptual “parte-todo” y “parte-de” en la actual psicología cognitiva y en la semántica léxica

Resumen

Este trabajo pretende llevar a cabo una doble revisión, teórica y empírica, de los problemas que plantea la relación semántico-conceptual “parte-todo” y “parte-de'. Con ella se pretende poner de manifiesto la relevancia “interdisciplinar” de dicha relación, pues no sólo es objeto de estudio a través de consideracion es formales desde la Filosofía y la Lógica, y de acercamientos más naturales e informales desde la Psicología Cognitiva,—en concreto en categorización—, sino que también es objeto de estudio en sus aspectos lingüísticos y antropológicos y desde acercamientos computacionales en percepción visual. El objetivo es analizar cuál es la naturaleza, propiedades y estatus cognitivo de esta relación, que le otorgan su prioridad y saliencia como una de las características o atributos básicos de las categorías naturales y de eventos. Abordaremos también el problema de su carácter invariante, a través de los presupuestos universalistas subyacentes en que esta se fundamenta,—basados en las regularidades de la naturaleza y en la primacía de la percepción visual—y, por tanto, su posible carácter de primitivo semántico. Por último se abordará su organización, estructura y tipología, a través de las jerarquías “partonímicas” que determina, y sus diferencias con otro tipo de jerarquía básica en la organización conceptual: las taxonomías.     

Utopia and heightened consciousness

Utopia should not be seen as the end‐point of a continuum of material progress, but as a society whose members enjoy a consciousness raised to its highest attainable level of intensity and value. The urge towards heightened consciousness is seen as a primary, pleasure‐driven human impulse, comparable in scope and intensity to the sex drive and perhaps still more fundamental, in that it emanates from the primordial human organ, the brain. The article explores ways in which an ‘inhibition barrier’ at present limiting the intensity of individual and general consciousness and arising from survival‐orientated modes of perception and feeling, might be raised or removed by a specific modification both of basic mental structures governing perception and conceptualization, and of economic structures, enabling a more efficient but non‐competitive mode of generating and distributing wealth. Insights derived from the psychology of art are thus applied more widely to the process of social living, to generate a concept of an attainable Utopia which would redirect human motivation away from ecologically destructive preoccupations.     

A set of high quality colour images with Spanish norms for seven relevant psycholinguistic variables: The Nombela naming test

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a new corpus of 140 high quality colour images belonging to 14 subcategories and covering a range of naming difficulty. One hundred and six Spanish speakers named the items and provided data for several psycholinguistic variables: age of acquisition, familiarity, manipulability, name agreement, typicality and visual complexity. Furthermore, we also present lexical frequency data derived internet search hits. Apart from the large number of variables evaluated, these stimuli present an important advantage with respect to other comparable image corpora in so far as naming performance in healthy individuals is less prone to ceiling effect problems. Reliability and validity indexes showed that our items display similar psycholinguistic characteristics to those of other corpora. In sum, this set of ecologically valid stimuli provides a useful tool for scientists engaged in cognitive and neuroscience-based research.     

Analytical psychology and the ghost of Lamarck: did Jung believe in the inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Whether Jung was a Lamarckian or not has always been a hotly debated topic, both within the post‐Jungian community and amongst scholars with an interest in Jung in the wider academic community. Yet surprisingly few substantial pieces of work have been dedicated to it and, to my mind, no one has yet managed to do justice to all the subtleties involved. The scholars who have claimed that Jung is a Lamarckian have, for the most part, oversimplified the debate by failing to discuss the passages in which Jung appears to be defending himself against Lamarckism; the scholars who have defended Jung against Lamarckism, however, have as a rule not adequately dealt with the question of whether these passages actually get Jung off the hook. This paper will attempt to correct this imbalance by putting forward four key passages spanning Jung's career that all represent conclusive evidence that Jung was indeed a Lamarckian. After discussing these, it will then deal in detail with the passages in which Jung appears to be defending himself against Lamarckism, making the case that they do not represent a defence against Lamarckism at all and have therefore generally been misinterpreted by many scholars.     

Transference,triangles and trajectories

In this article the author addresses the issue of the need to lessen the likelihood of a regressive transference neurosis in short-term therapy. He examines the role that active interpretation of the transference can have in shaping the transference so that it remains at the level of the transference that is ubiquitous. He explores the relationship between such an active interpretative approach and the need for the therapist to be empathic and sensitive to the patient and to allow space for a patient's independent discoveries. The author describes the role of the Central Therapeutic Focus, as a constellation of the Triangles of Insight, in guiding the therapist to select those manifestations of the transference to interpret, and in enabling the therapist to retain a stance that is sensitive and empathic. The Central Therapeutic Focus is contrasted with the concept of the Central Issue, and with the latter's more specific attention to the contribution that it makes to the therapist's communication of their empathic understanding of the patient's difficulties. The nature of the relationship between the therapist and the patient in short-term therapy is explored further and the connections between companionable interaction, ego-relatedness and the matrix of the transference are outlined. The author proceeds to consider the nature of the process of working through in short-term therapy and of the need to attend to the patient's external world as the place in which this can occur. The contribution of the Central Therapeutic Focus in shaping the trajectory through which the patient and therapist attend to the external world is examined. This in turn is linked to the identification of a patient's ordinary solution to their problem as a means of resolving their Dilemma. The article concludes with a case example that illustrates these themes.     

Liturgy and drama: a context of catharsis and transcendence?

This article is concerned with the role of liturgy and drama in the life of the Church and especially with regard to church growth. The assumption that traditional liturgy has only a tangential role in mission is questioned by comparing liturgy and drama and their role in evangelism. Christian worship from the fourth century began to be dramatised; this was a process reinforced by allegorical interpretations of the liturgy. That development and the para-liturgical dramas created from the tenth century onwards were in response to evangelistic needs. Mystery plays, the Holy Week liturgy and popular devotion in medieval Christianity in the West tended to focus on the passion of Christ. They were like tragedy in creating an encounter with death which could lead to catharsis and self-transcendence. Parts of the Holy Week liturgy are looked at in that light. The final section of the article deals with the way the liturgy offers an opportunity for corporate and personal renewal both in terms of inward preparation and outward proclamation of the Easter mystery. In these ways liturgy offers a context for an experience of God and can be seen as having an important role to play in church growth.     

威胁性刺激蛇一定会被更快觉察吗?蛇与蜥蜴的对比

大量运用视觉搜索范式的研究发现,在进化过程中对人类生存具有威胁的蛇会被人们更快地觉察。但已有研究采用动物（蛇）植物（花）配对搜索的方式,而很少直接采用近似的动物配对搜索。本研究选取成人大学生被试,通过视觉搜索范式和眼动追踪,对比了蛇和同为爬行类动物、却不具有进化上威胁性的蜥蜴的视觉搜索过程,以探究蛇的威胁性和动物特征相似性在威胁性刺激注意偏向中的作用。实验1采用蛇和蜥蜴互为目标物和干扰物,发现相对于蛇,被试对蜥蜴的行为反应时更短;首次注视到达时间也更短。实验2-4分别采用黑白和线画刺激、恒定干扰物（花和青蛙）、使用自然背景材料对比蛇和蜥蜴的觉察,发现了一致的结果,即被试对蜥蜴的视觉搜索时间和行为反应时间都要快于蛇。在视觉搜索任务中当两种视觉刺激材料的属性接近时,蛇在进化上的威胁性不一定导致更快的搜索时间,而刺激物的视觉特征对目标物的觉察会产生重要的影响。     

On Confucian Political Philosophy and Its Theory of Justice

Traditional Confucian political culture (including its concepts, systems, practices and folk customs) has a legacy that deserves careful reconsideration today. Its theories, institutions, and practices address the source, legitimacy, division and balance, and restriction of political power. Confucian politics is a type of “moral politics” which sticks to what ought to be and what is justifiable, and holds that political power comes from Heaven, mandate of Heaven or Dao of Heaven, which implies that justification and standards rest with the people referring to scholars peasants, workers and merchants. This type of justification is rooted in the public space and the autonomous strength of the people, and it finds guidance in the involvement, supervision, and criticism of the class of scholar-bureaucrats (shi 士). In this article, Western political philosophy will be taken as a frame of reference for evaluating Confucian conception of justice as well as Confucian ideas of distribution, fairness of opportunity, caring kindness for “the least advantaged,” and institutional construction. It will argue that the leading characteristic of Confucian political theory is that of “substantive justice.”