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141.
Jan-Willem van Prooijen David De Cremer Tomas Ståhl Paul A.M. Van Lange 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(5):1303-1315
In four studies, the authors investigated the individual-oriented versus social-oriented nature of procedural justice effects by comparing fairness-based responses to decision-making procedures among proself versus prosocial oriented individuals. In Studies 1 through 3, we measured participants’ social value orientation and manipulated whether or not they were granted or denied voice in a decision-making process. Results consistently revealed that the effects of voice versus no-voice on fairness-based perceptions, emotions, and behavioral intentions were significantly more pronounced for individuals with proself orientations than for individuals with prosocial orientations. These findings were extended in Study 4, a field study in which perceived procedural justice was a stronger predictor of satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors among proselfs than among prosocials. These findings suggest that procedural justice effects can be accounted for by self-oriented motives or needs, rather than prosocial motives that are often conceptualized as being associated with justice. 相似文献
142.
Gunzelmann G 《Cognitive Science》2008,32(5):835-861
Humans use their spatial information processing abilities flexibly to facilitate problem solving and decision making in a variety of tasks. This article explores the question of whether a general strategy can be adapted for performing two different spatial orientation tasks by testing the predictions of a computational cognitive model. Human performance was measured on an orientation task requiring participants to identify the location of a target either on a map (find-on-map) or within an egocentric view of a space (find-in-scene). A general strategy instantiated in a computational cognitive model of the find-on-map task, based on the results from Gunzelmann and Anderson (2006) , was adapted to perform both tasks and used to generate performance predictions for a new study. The qualitative fit of the model to the human data supports the view that participants were able to tailor a general strategy to the requirements of particular spatial tasks. The quantitative differences between the predictions of the model and the performance of human participants in the new experiment expose individual differences in sample populations. The model provides a means of accounting for those differences and a framework for understanding how human spatial abilities are applied to naturalistic spatial tasks that involve reasoning with maps. 相似文献
143.
Two constructs—need for cognition (NFC) and affective orientation (AO)—might be helpful in explaining and ultimately predicting
two measures of sales performance: a self-rated behavioral measure and an objective sales measure. Specifically, we hypothesize
(1) a positive relationship between NFC and sales performance; (2) a positive relationship between AO and sales performance;
and (3) a positive interaction effect between NFC and AO on sales performance. The results of this study revealed both NFC
and AO correlated with self-rated behavioral performance but only NFC correlated with both performance measures; suggesting
that need for cognition may be the more influential of the two for sales organizations concerned with selling behaviors as
well as sales outcomes. The hypothesized interaction effect was not supported. 相似文献
144.
This study examined the transmission of social dominance orientation (SDO) from parents and grandparents to children. It was predicted that parents as well as grandparents would pass their social dominance attitudes to children. Children's levels of SDO would thus be the highest when parental and grandparental attitudes are high; the lowest when parental and grandparental attitudes are low; and intermediate when parental and grandparental attitudes are incongruent. These hypotheses were examined in a sample of 93 families including children (in early adulthood), one of their parents, and one of their grandparents. Results yielded support for the predictions. These findings' implications are discussed in terms of their potential to explain previous inconsistent results on the transmission of social attitudes to children. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
145.
论医院管理的人文特征 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
林海 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2008,29(9)
医院是人类最需人文关怀的场所。医院管理的内在本质特征在于其人文性——以人为本,即对内管理以员工为本,以尊重医院员工为根本,以关爱医院员工为重心,对外服务以患者为本,医院管理以患者为中心,医者行医以患者为中心。理清和认识医院管理的人文内涵与特征,是医院建设的重要认识任务和基础使命。 相似文献
146.
Previous studies demonstrated that layer strain domestic chicks bred for egg production can orient using directional cues from the magnetic field; here we report that chicks from a broiler strain bred for meat production do not use magnetic cues for orientation. We imprinted both strains of chicken on a red ball and subsequently trained them in a featureless testing arena. Between rewarded trials in the geomagnetic field, we inserted unrewarded tests under the following conditions: (1) in the geomagnetic field, (2) in a magnetic field with North shifted by 90 degrees and (3) in a magnetic field with the inclination inverted. The layer chicks made a correct axial response in 75-80% of the tests, shifting their choices following a rotation of magnetic North. Chicks of the broiler strain, in contrast, performed at chance level with between 47 and 60% of choices on the correct axis. This difference between the strains does not appear to be due to substantial strain differences in motivation to perform the task. It therefore appears possible that the selection of the broiler strain has led to the elimination of the specific ability to respond to magnetic cues in the test situation. 相似文献
147.
Offshore orientation in marine mammals is still a mystery. For visual orientation during night-time foraging and travelling
in the open seas, seals cannot rely on distant terrestrial landmarks, and thus might use celestial cues as repeatedly shown
for nocturnally migrating birds. Although seals detect enough stars to probably allow for astronavigation, it was unclear
whether they can orient by the night sky. The widely accepted cognitive mechanism for bird night-time orientation by celestial
cues is a time-independent star compass with learned geometrical star configurations used to pinpoint north as the rotational
centre of the starry sky while there is no conclusive evidence for a time-compensated star compass or true star navigation.
Here, we present results for two harbour seals orienting in a custom made swimming planetarium. Both seals learned to highly
accurately identify a lodestar out of a pseudo-randomly oriented, realistic projection of the northern hemisphere night sky.
Providing the first evidence for star orientation capability in a marine mammal, our seals’ outstanding directional precision
would allow them to steer by following lodestars of learned star courses, a celestial orientation mechanism that has been
known to be used by Polynesian navigators but has not been considered for animals yet. 相似文献
148.
Non-human animals and human children can make use of the geometric shape of an environment for spatial reorientation and in
some circumstances reliance on purely geometric information (metric properties of surfaces and sense) can overcome the use
of local featural cues. Little is known as to whether the use of geometric information is in some way reliant on past experience
or, as would likely be argued by advocates of the notion of a geometric module, it is innate. We tested the navigational abilities
of newborn domestic chicks reared in either rectangular or circular cages. Chicks were trained in a rectangular-shaped enclosure
with panels placed at the corners to provide salient featural cues. Rectangular-reared and circular-reared chicks proved equally
able to learn the task. When tested after removal of the featural cues, both rectangular- and circular-reared chicks showed
evidence that they had spontaneously encoded geometric information. Moreover, when trained in a rectangular-shaped enclosure
without any featural cues, chicks reared in rectangular-, circular-, or c-shaped cages proved to be equally able to learn
and perform the task using geometric information. These results suggest that effective use of geometric information for spatial
reorientation does not require experience in environments with right angles and metrically distinct surfaces, thus supporting
the hypothesis of a predisposed geometric module in the animal brain. 相似文献
149.
Sean P. Cumming Ronald E. Smith Frank L. Smoll Martyn Standage Joel R. Grossbard 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2008,9(5):686-703
ObjectiveThe objective was to develop and validate an achievement goal scale for young athletes that was aligned with the 2 (mastery/ego)×2 (approach/avoidance) achievement goal framework.MethodA total of 1675 male and female athletes ranging in age from 9 to 14 years participated in the AGSYS scale development and validation phases. Items having a readability level of grade 4 (age 9) or below were written and evaluated in a series of studies to assess the reliability, factorial validity, and construct validity of the Mastery and Ego scales.DesignBoth correlational and experimental methods were used to assess reliability and validity.ResultsExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated factorial validity in samples of 9–10-, 11–12-, and 13–14-year-old athletes, and the subscales correlated in a predicted fashion with one another, with other sport and academic goal orientation measures and with several other theoretically relevant variables, including coach-initiated motivational climate, competitive trait anxiety, sport enjoyment, motivation, and self-esteem. Scores also changed significantly in response to a motivational climate coach intervention.ConclusionThe Achievement Goal Scale for Youth Sports (AGSYS) appears to be a reliable and valid measure of achievement goal approach orientations in children between the ages of 9 and 14 years. We were not successful in developing corresponding avoidance goal orientation scales that were not highly correlated, raising the possibility that children do not cognitively differentiate between mastery-avoidance and ego-avoidance orientations. 相似文献
150.
采用部分场景再认范式研究了对称场景中物体朝向的一致性对内在参照系建立的影响。被试在实验1中沿对称轴方向学习无朝向物体组成的场景; 实验2中沿对称轴方向学习有朝向物体组成的场景; 实验3中沿对称轴与物体朝向方向学习与实验2相同的场景。结果表明:(1)物体朝向一致性影响了对称场景中内在参照方向的选择; (2)无论是否存在观察视点的干扰, 观察者选择对称轴和物体的一致朝向作为内在参照方向的可能性没有显著差异。 相似文献