论合理功利意识下的奉献精神——新世纪革命军人奉献观探究

把祖国、人民的利益视作高于一切,为了它甘愿献出自己的全部,甚至不惜牺牲生命的奉献精神是每一名革命军人所应有的品质。但是,随着改革开放的深化、市场经济的发展和价值观念的转换,这种奉献精神逐渐被赋予了新的时代内涵。正确认识并合理分析反映现代市场经济关系的合理功利意识下的奉献精神,不仅是新世纪继承与弘扬革命军人奉献精神的需要,更是推进我军现代化建设、实现我军思想政治工作创新发展的需要。     

如何实现慢性乙型肝炎的理性治疗

慢性乙型肝炎是一种常见的、严重危害人类健康的传染病。为了合理治疗慢性乙型肝炎病人,必须把握慢性乙型肝炎的治疗目标、治疗原则和恰当的治疗时机,明确如何选择恰当的药物。     

乳腺病变的常规影像学筛查方法的合理性分析

乳腺癌是妇女最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在我国,乳腺癌的发病率和死亡率已成为城市女性恶性肿瘤的首位,且每年以3％～5％速度增长。目前乳腺癌防治日益受到重视。然而,为了阻断高危险性的乳腺向乳腺癌发展,乳腺影像学筛查正在被越来越多的女性接受。本文就各种影像检查手段对乳腺疾病特别是乳腺癌诊断的优缺点进行简要的总结,旨在指导临床医师...     

Perceptual learning evidence for contextually-specific representations

Listeners rapidly adjust to talkers’ pronunciations, accommodating those pronunciations into the relevant phonemic category to improve subsequent perception. Previous work has suggested that such learning is restricted to pronunciations that are representative of how the speaker talks (Kraljic, Samuel, & Brennan, 2008). If an ambiguous pronunciation, for example, can be attributed to an external source (such as a pen in the speaker’s mouth), or if it is preceded by normal pronunciations of the same sound, learning is blocked.In three experiments, we explore this blocking effect in more detail. Our aim is to better understand the nature of the representations underlying the perceptual learning process. Experiment 1 replicates the blocking effect. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that it can be eliminated when certain visual information occurs simultaneously with the auditory signal. The pattern of learning and non-learning is best accounted for by the view that speech perception is mediated by episodic representations that include potentially relevant visual information.     

Reasonable Doubt: A Note on ‘Neutral’ Illatives and Arguments

George Bowles and Thomas Gilbert claim that illatives such as so, therefore, and hence convey the meaning that the premise confers upon the conclusion a probability greater than 1/2. This claim is false, for there are straightforward uses of these illatives that do not convey the meaning that the probability is greater than 1/2. In addition, because Bowles' and Gilbert's claim is false, a revision of their definition of argument is required.     

Reasonable Partiality to Domestic Animals

The paper deals with partiality flowing from special relationships. Two main problems are discussed. The first concerns the relationship between partiality and genuine moral obligations. If partiality can bring about such obligations only if it is reasonable, what requirements should it meet in order to be reasonable? The second problem is one of animal ethics. Can the concept of reasonable partiality help us articulate what is morally at stake in a current discussion about the treatment of domestic animals, viz. the European discussion about the castration of pigs?     

中国古代病家之道思想探析

在中国古代医德思想当中有一朵奇葩,这就是古代病家之道的思想。依据医德文献对其中的内容进行分析得出病家之道的思想主要有：信任医家是病家应有的待医态度;合理期望、正确评价是病家应有的就医意识;具有惜生意识是病家应有的生命态度。     

JOHN POLKINGHORNE AND BERNARD LONERGAN ON THE SCIENTIFIC STATUS OF THEOLOGY

On the basis of his acquaintance with theoretical elementary particle physics, and following the lead of Thomas Torrance, John Polkinghorne maintains that the data upon which a science is based, and the method by which it treats those data, must respect the idiosyncratic nature of the object with which the science is concerned. Polkinghorne calls this the “accommodation” (or “conformity”) of a discipline to its object. The question then arises: What should we expect religious experience and theological method to be like if they are accommodated to the idiosyncratic nature of God? Polkinghorne's methodological program is typical of postcritical positions in the theology‐science dialogue in holding that the fiduciary element in theological method is simply a species of the fiduciary element that is a de facto part of all knowing—in other words, theological method does not differ in fundamental kind from the methods of the natural sciences. But this program may contain the seeds of an alienation of theological method from the transcendence of God similar to the double self‐alienation of theology described by Michael Buckley in At the Origins of Modern Atheism. I contend that something like Bernard Lonergan's position on how the method of faith seeking understanding is related to the methods of the natural sciences is exactly the sort of thing that one should expect on the supposition of Polkinghorne's principle of accommodation, at least if the God who is the object of theological science is transcendent. The way in which the divine differs from all other objects ought to be disclosed or reflected in religious experience and theological method. Polkinghorne charts the course for an accommodated theology, but it seems to be Lonergan who is more intent on following it.     

The <Emphasis Type="Italic">Not Unreasonable</Emphasis> Standard for Assessment of Surrogates and Surrogate Decisions

Standard views on surrogate decision making present alternative ideal models of what ideal surrogates should consider in rendering a decision. They do not, however, explain the physician's responsibility to a patient who lacks decisional capacity or how a physician should regard surrogates and surrogate decisions. The authors argue that it is critical to recognize the moral difference between a patient's decisions and a surrogate's and the professional responsibilities implied by that distinction. In every case involving a patient who lacks decisional capacity, physicians and the treatment team have to make judgments about the appropriateness of both the surrogate and the surrogate's decision. They have to assess the surrogate's decisional capacity and attitude toward the patient as well as the reasons that support the surrogate's decision. This paper provides a model for acceptable surrogate decisions and a standard for blocking inappropriate surrogates. Only decisions based on widely shared reasons are allowable for surrogate refusal of highly beneficial treatment.