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111.
缺失值是社会科学研究中非常普遍的现象。全息极大似然估计和多重插补是目前处理缺失值最有效的方法。计划缺失设计利用特殊的实验设计有意产生缺失值, 再用现代的缺失值处理方法来完成统计分析, 获得无偏的统计结果。计划缺失设计可用于横断面调查减少(或增加)问卷长度和纵向调查减少测量次数, 也可用于提高测量有效性。常用的计划缺失设计有三式设计和两种方法测量。 相似文献
112.
The ethical decision making process behind the treatment of missing data has yet to be examined in the research literature
in any discipline. The purpose of the current paper is to begin to discuss this decision-making process in view of a Foucauldian
framework. The paper suggests how the ethical treatment of missing data should be considered from the adoption of this theoretical
framework. 相似文献
113.
Albert Maydeu-Olivares 《Psychometrika》2006,71(1):57-77
Discretized multivariate normal structural models are often estimated using multistage estimation procedures. The asymptotic
properties of parameter estimates, standard errors, and tests of structural restrictions on thresholds and polychoric correlations
are well known. It was not clear how to assess the overall discrepancy between the contingency table and the model for these
estimators. It is shown that the overall discrepancy can be decomposed into a distributional discrepancy and a structural
discrepancy. A test of the overall model specification is proposed, as well as a test of the distributional specification
(i.e., discretized multivariate normality). Also, the small sample performance of overall, distributional, and structural
tests, as well as of parameter estimates and standard errors is investigated under conditions of correct model specification
and also under mild structural and/or distributional misspecification. It is found that relatively small samples are needed
for parameter estimates, standard errors, and structural tests. Larger samples are needed for the distributional and overall
tests. Furthermore, parameter estimates, standard errors, and structural tests are surprisingly robust to distributional misspecification.
This research was supported by the Department of Universities, Research and Information Society (DURSI) of the Catalan Government,
and by grants BSO2000-0661 and BSO2003-08507 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. 相似文献
114.
The fuzzy perspective in statistical analysis is first illustrated with reference to the “Informational Paradigm” allowing
us to deal with different types of uncertainties related to the various informational ingredients (data, model, assumptions).
The fuzzy empirical data are then introduced, referring to J LR fuzzy variables as observed on I observation units. Each observation is characterized by its center and its left and right spreads (LR1 fuzzy number) or by its left and right “centers” and its left and right spreads (LR2 fuzzy number). Two types of component models for LR1 and LR2 fuzzy data are proposed. The estimation of the parameters of these models is based on a Least Squares approach, exploiting
an appropriately introduced distance measure for fuzzy data. A simulation study is carried out in order to assess the efficacy
of the suggested models as compared with traditional Principal Component Analysis on the centers and with existing methods
for fuzzy and interval valued data. An application to real fuzzy data is finally performed.
We would like to express our gratitude to the Editor, the Associate Editor, and the Referees whose comments and suggestions
improved significantly the quality of the paper. 相似文献
115.
Itaru Ishiguro 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2006,9(3):216-223
The present study reveals that there is a gender bias in estimates of spouses' political expertise. Data were collected from married couples in one city in north-eastern Japan and the results showed that when all respondents were included, the estimation of spouses' political expertise was moderately accurate. However, while husbands' estimates of the political expertise of their wives were lowered and less accurate, wives' estimates of the political expertise of their husbands were more accurate. The implication of these findings for the political equality of males and females is discussed. 相似文献
116.
117.
Dominguez FJ Lawrence C Halpern EF Drohan B Grinstein G Black DM Smith BL Gadd MA Specht M Kopans DB Moore RH Hughes SS Roche CA Hughes KS 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(3):341-345
The self-reporting of cancer history is becoming increasingly important, as it frequently guides medical decision-making.
We studied the accuracy of personal cancer history using a self-administered questionnaire, comparing the results with the
Tumor Registry at our institution. Among 39,662 records, we identified 3614 women with a single cancer in the Tumor Registry
who reported none or one cancer on their questionnaire. The sensitivity in self-reporting cancers was 85.7%, ranging from
92.1% for breast cancer to 42.9% for leukemia. The accuracy for breast cancer and Hodgkin's Lymphoma was significantly better
than other cancers (p=0.00027, CI: 1.4–3.88). Analysis of patient's characteristics showed that Caucasians reported breast cancer more accurately
than Asian/Pacific Islanders (p=0.008), and those with Jewish ancestry more accurately than non-Jewish (p=0.0435). These results will help us to improve data collection and thus improve medical decision-making. 相似文献
118.
A method is presented for marginal maximum likelihood estimation of the nonlinear random coefficient model when the response
function has some linear parameters. This is done by writing the marginal distribution of the repeated measures as a conditional
distribution of the response given the nonlinear random effects. The resulting distribution then requires an integral equation
that is of dimension equal to the number of nonlinear terms. For nonlinear functions that have linear coefficients, the improvement
in computational speed and accuracy using the new algorithm can be dramatic. An illustration of the method with repeated measures
data from a learning experiment is presented. 相似文献
119.
Resource-limited regions of the world represent the areas most affected by the global HIV epidemic. Currently, there are insufficient
data on the neurocognitive effects of HIV in these areas and neuropsychological studies that have been carried out thus far
are marked by inconsistent methods, test batteries, and rating systems for levels of cognitive impairment. These differences
in methods, along with genetic variability of both virus and host, differences in co-infections and other co-morbidities,
differences in language and culture, and infrastructural deficiencies in many international settings create challenges to
the assessment of neurocognitive functioning and interpretation of neuropsychological data. Identifying neurocognitive impairment
directly attributable to HIV, exploring relationships between HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment, disease variables,
and everyday functioning, evaluating differences in HIV-1 subtype associated neuropathology, and determining implications
for treatment remain complicated and challenging goals. Endeavors to establish a more standardized approach to neurocognitive
assessments across international studies in addition to accumulating appropriate normative data that will allow more accurate
rating of neuropsychological test performance will be crucial to future efforts attempting to achieve these goals. 相似文献
120.
Gerhard Minnameier 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(3):131-143
The study provides an in-depth analysis of two young adult subjects from a longitudinal study who underwent successive and
significant developmental changes. Their developmental patterns, however, are only revealed by a new conception of moral stages,
which is both more comprehensive and more detailed than Kohlberg’s original approach. In particular, the suggested alternative
taxonomy neatly accommodates what appears as developmental anomalies in the Kohlbergian frame of reference. What is more,
apart from merely matching with the observed data, the new theory also explains why the subjects developed the way they did,
since it reveals the inherent cognitive conflicts at each stage and how these are resolved at the following one. Although
the theory stands against the Kohlberg theory as it is, it may be understood as an extension and further development of the
latter, in the sense that Kohlbergian stages are differentiated, supplemented, and theoretically substantiated within the
new framework.
相似文献
Gerhard MinnameierEmail: |