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241.
“This way!”, “No! That way!”—3-year olds know that two people can have mutually incompatible desires
In theory of mind research, there is a long standing dispute about whether children come to understand the subjectivity of both desires and beliefs at the same time (around age 4), or whether there is an asymmetry such that desires are understood earlier. To address this issue, 3-year olds’ understanding of situations in which two persons have mutually incompatible desires was tested in two studies. Results revealed that (i) children were quite proficient at ascribing incompatible desires to two persons, and in simpler scenarios even incompatible desire-dependent emotions; (ii) children showed this proficiency even though they mostly failed the false belief task. Overall, these results suggest that there is an asymmetry such that young children come to understand the subjective nature of desires before they understand the corresponding subjectivity of beliefs. Possible explanations for this asymmetry are discussed in light of conceptual change and information-processing accounts of theory of mind development. 相似文献
242.
ABSTRACT— Twin studies comparing identical and fraternal twins consistently show substantial genetic influence on individual differences in learning abilities such as reading and mathematics, as well as in other cognitive abilities such as spatial ability and memory. Multivariate genetic research has shown that the same set of genes is largely responsible for genetic influence on these diverse cognitive areas. We call these "generalist genes." What differentiates these abilities is largely the environment, especially nonshared environments that make children growing up in the same family different from one another. These multivariate genetic findings of generalist genes and specialist environments have far-reaching implications for diagnosis and treatment of learning disabilities and for understanding the brain mechanisms that mediate these effects. 相似文献
243.
超越心理健康:精神健康的追求 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
区别于一般心理概念的、狭义的精神概念有三个特征:终极关怀、内发自生以及自由意志。诸如精神信仰危机、生活目标迷茫等区别于传统心理问题的精神问题已经成为现代人的顽疾。现代心理健康标准开始关注并尝试吸纳精神健康。精神健康是21世纪的健康主题,现代人不应仅仅满足于生理和心理的健康,还应寻求更高层次的精神健康。 相似文献
244.
245.
Peter Carruthers 《The Journal of Ethics》2007,11(3):275-297
This paper argues that navigating insects and spiders possess a degree of mindedness that makes them appropriate (in the sense
of “possible”) objects of sympathy and moral concern. For the evidence suggests that many invertebrates possess a belief-desire-planning
psychology that is in basic respects similar to our own. The challenge for ethical theory is find some principled way of demonstrating
that individual insects do not make moral claims on us, given the widely held belief that some other “higher” animals do make such claims on us. 相似文献
246.
以193名学前儿童和291名一到三年级小学生为研究对象, 比较了不同年级、不同识字量儿童在语音意识、语素意识、快速命名、视觉技能和正字法意识方面的差异。结果显示, 不同年级、不同识字量儿童分别在语音意识和语素意识的不同层面存在差异, 学前主要表现在音节删除和语素建构任务中, 小学阶段表现在韵母识别、音位删除以及语素判断和语素产生方面;快速命名能力是区分各阶段儿童汉字识别能力的有效指标, 学前儿童的视觉能力与识字量密切相关, 而小学儿童的正字法意识与识字量密切相关。 相似文献
247.
Sarah Bachelard 《Sophia》2009,48(2):105-118
A central theme in the Christian contemplative tradition is that knowing God is much more like ‘unknowing’ than it is like
possessing rationally acceptable beliefs. Knowledge of God is expressed, in this tradition, in metaphors of woundedness, darkness,
silence, suffering, and desire. Philosophers of religion, on the other hand, tend to explore the possibilities of knowing
God in terms of rational acceptability, epistemic rights, cognitive responsibility, and propositional belief. These languages
seem to point to very different accounts of how it is that we come to know God, and a very different range of critical concepts
by which the truth of such knowledge can be assessed. In this paper, I begin to explore what might be at stake in these different
languages of knowing God, drawing particularly on Alvin Plantinga’s epistemology of Christian belief. I will argue that his
is a distorted account of the epistemology of Christian belief, and that this has implications for his project of demonstrating
the rational acceptability of Christian faith for the 21st century.
相似文献
Sarah BachelardEmail: |
248.
INGVAR LUNDBERG 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2009,50(6):611-616
Research on early linguistic precursors and enabling skills of reading acquisition among young children is reviewed. Language development starts early in infancy when the child learns to categorize the speech sounds according to the pattern typical of the mother tongue. Equipped with these sound categories the child is ready to learn to segment words from the sound stream and to understand and to use words. The precise phonological representation of words will facilitate the important development of phonological awareness, a basic prerequisite for reading acquisition. This paper reviews some of my longitudinal research and training studies indicating the causal direction of the relation between phonological awareness and reading and includes some ongoing studies, where gender differences, socio‐economic factors, dose‐response‐effects and motivational factors are explored. Preventive and remedial implications of the findings are pointed out. Finally, the complexity of the causal relationships between different aspects of early language development, including genetic influences and later reading is pointed out. 相似文献
249.
Ernest Sosa 《Philosophical Studies》2009,144(1):107-109
This is a summary of A Virtue Epistemology, the book that is the subject of this book symposium. 相似文献
250.
Andrew Reisner 《Philosophical Studies》2009,145(2):257-272
In this paper I argue against the stronger of the two views concerning the right and wrong kind of reasons for belief, i.e.
the view that the only genuine normative reasons for belief are evidential. The project in this paper is primarily negative,
but with an ultimately positive aim. That aim is to leave room for the possibility that there are genuine pragmatic reasons
for belief. Work is required to make room for this view, because evidentialism of a strict variety remains the default view
in much of the debate concerning normative reasons for belief. Strict versions of evidentialism are inconsistent with the
view that there are genuine pragmatic reasons for belief.
相似文献
Andrew ReisnerEmail: |