Temperament and Social-Emotional Difficulties: The Dark Side of Learning Disabilities

The authors compared the relations between general psychological difficulties and dimensions of temperament in children with and without learning disability (LD). The main aim was to analyze whether and to what extent children's temperament dimensions contribute to their general psychological difficulties when LD diagnosis, age, and gender are taken into account. Participants were 52 elementary school children 7–11 years old (M age = 8.61 years, SD = 1.21 years). Twenty-six of them had been diagnosed with LD. Six teachers rated their pupils with and without LD in relation to their general psychological difficulties (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and temperament dimensions (Italian Questionnaires of Temperament). In children with LD, the main dimensions of temperament with the power to predict general psychological difficulties (i.e., emotionality and social orientation) concern these students' relationships with others (teachers and peers). The findings of the current study draw educators' and practitioners' attention to the fact that children's temperamental characteristics may affect how they experience their LD, with significant implications for their later social adjustment.     

Erich Fromm’s concept of reactive violence

Abstract

This paper explores the current relevance of Fromm’s concept of reactive violence for understanding particular patients and for generating hypotheses about the world we live in. In his discussion of reactive violence, Fromm gives us a nuanced approach to forms of aggression that can be employed in the service of life. According to Fromm, the aim of reactive violence is preservation, not destruction. It is rooted in fear and, he believes, is the most frequent form of violence. This paper traces the evolution of Fromm’s concept of reactive violence, and considers how it might apply to today’s social and political challenges.     

儿童气质和父母教养方式与其陌生环境中语言表达水平

通过对64名7岁北京市儿童的实验室观察来了解他们气质特点和语言表达水平,并对儿童家长进行教养方式的问卷调查。研究发现父母的教养方式尤其是父亲的严格教养方式,与儿童的语言表达水平有显著正相关;儿童的气质与其语言表达水平的相关在个别维度上显著;儿童的气质与其父母的教养方式间存在一定的相互影响,二者相互作用共同影响着儿童的语言表达水平。     

7岁儿童语言表达的影响因素分析

通过对64名7岁北京市儿童的实验室观察来了解他们气质特点和语言表达发展状况,并对儿童家长进行教养方式和家庭社会经济地位的调查。研究发现家庭收入对儿童的语言表达发展有一定的影响;父母教养方式尤其是父亲的严格教养方式．与儿童的语言表达发展有密切联系;儿童的气质与其语言表达发展的关系在个别维度上显著;儿童气质与父母教养方式的相互作用对语言表达水平存在着影响。     

儿童早期的自我调控发展

儿童的自我调控在生后就存在并逐渐发展起来,是神经心理的不断成熟以及与环境相互作用的结果,主要涉及情绪过程、认知过程和社会过程,包含了很多策略和技巧。自我调控理论强凋儿童的能动性和灵活性。气质特点可能是造成情绪调控过程中个体差异的一个重要因素,在儿童决定采取调控策略时起着重要的作用。自我调控与行为和社会问题关系密切,幼儿若存在自我调控能力的问题,在有冲突的情形下发生行为问题的倾向较高。     

青少年气质对其情绪调节的影响：教师情感能力的作用

青少年情绪调节近年来受到越来越多研究的关注,但环境变量是如何通过个体内变量对情绪调节施加影响还不清楚,我们现在采用多层线性模型探索教师情感能力在青少年学生气质影响其情绪调节中的作用。研究选取7-12年级1385名男女学生,和对应的36名班主任,分别施测学生问卷--情绪调节问卷、青少年早期气质问卷和教师情感能力问卷。结果表明：在学生水平,认知重评与气质维度的努力控制和亲和性正相关,与激情负相关;抑制只和负性情感正相关。在教师水平,教师的情感管理减弱了激情和亲和性对认知重评的影响,而教师的情感沟通增加了亲和性对认知重评的影响;教师的情感管理增强了负性情感对抑制的作用,反而教师情感理解降低了负性情感对抑制的作用。因此,气质的不同维度对学生情绪调节的影响不同,教师情感能力的不同方面对这种影响发挥着不同的调控作用。提示在开展情感教学过程中,对不同气质学生选择不同的情感策略有利于提高学生情绪调节的效果。     

气质的遗传因素:基因多态性研究

气质是婴儿出生以后最早表现出来的一种人格特征,而人格特征的形成具有一定的生物学基础。气质作为人格特征的组成单元,与人格特征享有共同的生物过程。因此,与成年人人格特征相关的基因也有可能影响儿童气质。本文在成年人的人格特征研究的基础上,针对早期儿童发展的特点,讨论了可能影响早期儿童气质的候选基因。研究成人的人格特征与基因的相关性不能排除环境因素的影响,本文强调了对早期儿童气质与基因多态性之间的关系进行直接研究的重要性。