Military leaders and followers – do they have different decision styles?

There are five different, although not mutually exclusive, styles exhibited by military officers when making decisions: rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous ( Scott & Bruce, 1995 ). The purpose was to investigate if elected leaders of military planning teams had a different configuration of decision-making styles than their team members. Participants were 98 army captains organized in 16 brigade-level planning teams. The results indicate that team leaders tended to be more spontaneous and less rational, dependent and avoidant in their style configuration than their team members. One possible explanation is that the style configuration exhibited by many of the elected leaders comes through to others as forcefulness and decisiveness and that such a profile is in line with a general leadership culture. The results also provide support for the General Decision-Making Style inventory as a measurement of decision styles, because they suggest that the self-reports coincide with displayed, observable behavior.     

合理使用抗茵药物的伦理决策

中国是世界上滥用抗菌药物最为严重的国家之一,抗菌药物滥用会导致耐药菌株形成、不良反应发生、加重社会和患者经济负担三个主要问题。人类合理使用抗菌药物成为当今社会关注的热点问题,从临床角度阐述了合理使用抗茵药物中若干医学伦理问题,医疗政策、医院管理对抗菌药物合理使用影响的不可替代性;合理使用抗菌药物是良好医患关系的注释;合理使用抗菌药物是医患关系伦理要求。抗菌药物合理使用要求医生必须要有相应的伦理决策能力;抗菌药物合理使用要求医生要主动参与社会伦理讨论;抗菌药物合理使用是多方面共同努力的结果。     

The Role of Rhetoric in Rational Argumentation

The structure of this discussion will be tripartite. First it will set out a way of distinguishing between rhetoric and strictly rational argumentation. Next it will consider some of the ramifications of this proposed way of looking at the matter – in particular what its implications are for rationality and for rhetoric, respectively. Finally it examines how this perspective bears on the project of philosophizing. The paper's ultimate aim, accordingly, is to consider what light such an analysis can shed upon philosophy and philosophizing.     

The Correspondence between Human Intelligibility and Physical Intelligibility: The View of Jean Ladrière

This article seeks to explain the correspondence between human intelligibility and that of the physical world by synthesizing the contributions of Jean Ladrière. Ladrière shows that the objectification function of formal symbolism in mathematics as an artificial language has operative power acquired through algorithm to represent physical reality. In physical theories, mathematics relates to observations through theoretic and empirical languages mutually interacting in a methodological circle, and nonmathematical anticipatory intention guides mathematical algorithmic exploration. Ladrière reasons that mathematics can make the physical world comprehensible because of the presence of a rational principle in both kinds of intelligibility.     

变革型领导的结构与测量

采用开放式问卷对249名管理者与员工进行了调查,内容分析表明,我国的变革型领导包括8类行为或特征。通过专家讨论,本研究编制了适合我国国情的变革型领导问卷。431份有效问卷的探索性因素分析表明,变革型领导是一个四因素的结构,具体包括：德行垂范、领导魅力、愿景激励与个性化关怀。为了进一步验证变革型领导的构想效度,并考察问卷的信度与效度,在6家企业进行了调查,获得了440份有效问卷。验证性因素分析证实了变革型领导问卷的构想效度,内部一致性分析与层次回归分析的结果也表明,基于我国文化背景新编的变革型领导问卷具有较好的信度与同时效度。     

Mathematical progress: Between reason and society

It is shown how the historiographic purport of Lakatosian methodology of mathematics is structured on the theme of analysis and synthesis. This theme is explored and extended to the revolutionary phase around 1800. On the basis of this historical investigation it is argued that major innovations, crucial to the appraisal of mathematical progress, defy reconstruction as irreducibly rational processes and should instead essentially be understood as processes of social-cognitive interaction. A model of conceptual change is developed whose essential ingredients are the variability of rational responses to new intellectual and practical challenges arising in the cultural environment of mathematics, and the shifting selective pressure of society. The resulting view of mathematical development is compared with Kuhn's theory of scientific paradigms in the light of some personal communications.     

The Origin and Differentiation of the Theories of Human Nature in Pre-Qin China

In early China, views concerning human nature underwent significant development, with philosophers moving from seeing it as desire or instinct to seeing it as virtue or essence. Before Confucius’s time, human beings’ xing, or nature, was construed as desire and instinct, i.e., as a physical nature. The key problem faced by theorists of human nature at that time was how to manage nature with virtue, i.e., how to use virtue to both control and enrich nature. A later, wide-reaching development was the use of qi to explain human nature. Laozi began, taking de or virtue to be the internal essence of the human being; Confucius took de or virtue to be xing or nature. Following this development, the main current of the theory of human nature in the pre-Qin period divided into two branches. One, created by the later Confucius, inherited in part by Zisi, and developed by Mencius, took virtue as nature and insisted on the a priority of internal morality. The other branch, inherited in part by Zisi and developed by the author of Xing Zi Ming Chu and Xunzi, featured the development of the old tradition which took yu, or desire, as nature.     

住院用药医嘱点评软件功能的设计

为了提升临床药师点评住院用药医嘱的工作效率,保障住院用药医嘱点评工作的准确性和及时性,从而对住院用药医嘱起到监督和规范的作用.通过研究国内外合理用药软件和处方点评软件的功能,结合国内医疗机构处方点评的工作模式和需求,设计出满足临床合理用药需求的住院医嘱点评软件.经过设计的住院医嘱点评软件的功能主要包括：信息自主维护模块、信息查询模块、住院用药医嘱点评模块、点评结果统计模块、药品使用情况统计模块.经过设计的住院医嘱点评软件的功能更加完善,为临床合理用药提供依据.     

Mental illness,religion, and the rational mind: The case of Clifford W. Beers

This article focuses on the mental illness of Clifford W. Beers, who pioneered mental hospital reform in the United States in the early decades of the twentieth century, and the encouragement Beers received from William James in this endeavor. It argues that James supported Beers because he personally identified with the younger man's struggles with mental illness and with the high value that he placed on the vital importance of the rational mind in regaining one's sanity.     

Albert Ellis: Unsung hero of positive psychology

The contributions of Albert Ellis to the understanding of human happiness including his suggestions for living a happier life have not been represented in the field of positive psychology. This article presents Ellis’ theoretical constructs associated with his conception of happiness (dual nature of human psyche, self-actualization, purpose and goals of life and short- and long-term happiness). Eleven of Ellis’ rational principles of living (e.g. self-interest, self-direction, self-acceptance, commitment to absorbing activities, hedonism) are presented. When consistently applied in practice, they may help people to experience frequent positive affect, less frequent and intense negative emotions and high life satisfaction. It will show how Ellis’ ABC-DE scientific method can be used with individuals to lessen unhappiness. Suggestions are provided for research into associations between rationality and happiness as well as the impact of different rationality-based interventions on happiness.