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31.
Whether people compete or cooperate with each other has consequences for their own performance and that of organizations. To explain why people compete or cooperate, previous research has focused on two main factors: situational outcome structures and personality types. Here, we propose that—above and beyond these two factors—situational cues, such as the format in which people receive feedback, strongly affect whether they act competitively, cooperatively, or individualistically. Results of a laboratory experiment support our theorizing: After receiving ranking feedback, both students and experienced managers treated group situations with cooperative outcome structures as competitive and were in consequence willing to forgo guaranteed financial gains to pursue a—financially irrelevant—better rank. Conversely, in dilemma situations, feedback based on the joint group outcome led to more cooperation than ranking feedback. Our study contributes to research on competition, cooperation, interdependence theory, forced ranking, and the design of information environments. 相似文献
32.
Lydia McGrew 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2017,95(3):560-572
I propose a measure of dependence that relates a set of items of evidence to an hypothesis H and to H's negation. I dub this measure relative consilience (RC) and propose a method for using it as a correction factor for dependence among items of evidence. Using RC, I examine collusion and testimonial independence, the value of diverse evidence, and the strengthening of otherwise weak or non-existent cases. RC provides a valuable tool for formal epistemologists interested in analyzing cumulative case arguments. 相似文献
33.
Frederick Eberhardt 《Synthese》2008,163(3):433-442
We consider the problems arising from using sequences of experiments to discover the causal structure among a set of variables,
none of whom are known ahead of time to be an “outcome”. In particular, we present various approaches to resolve conflicts
in the experimental results arising from sampling variability in the experiments. We provide a sufficient condition that allows
for pooling of data from experiments with different joint distributions over the variables. Satisfaction of the condition
allows for an independence test with greater sample size that may resolve some of the conflicts in the experimental results.
The pooling condition has its own problems, but should—due to its generality—be informative to techniques for meta-analysis. 相似文献
34.
Han Bleichrodt 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2008,52(5):304-310
Many traditional conjoint representations of binary preferences are additively decomposable, or additive for short. An important generalization arises under rank-dependence, when additivity is restricted to cones with a fixed ranking of components from best to worst (comonotonicity), leading to configural weighting, rank-dependent utility, and rank- and sign-dependent utility (prospect theory). This paper provides a general result showing how additive representations on an arbitrary collection of comonotonic cones can be combined into one overall representation that applies to the union of all cones considered. The result is applied to a new paradigm for decision under uncertainty developed by Duncan Luce and others, which allows for violations of basic rationality properties such as the coalescing of events and other framing conditions. Through our result, a complete preference foundation of a number of new models by Luce and others can be obtained. We also show how additive representations on different full product sets can be combined into a representation on the union of these different product sets. 相似文献
35.
Vassilios Livanios 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2008,39(2):383-394
The basic principles of dispositional essentialism do not require that the fundamental spatiotemporal relations are dispositional
in nature. Nevertheless, Bird (who defends dispositional monism) argues that they possess dispositional essences in virtue
of the fact that the obtaining of these relations can be characterised by the satisfaction of a certain counterfactual. In
this paper I argue that his suggestion fails, and so, despite his attempt, the case of the spatiotemporal relations remains
the ‘big bad bug’ for the thesis of dispositional monism.
相似文献
Vassilios LivaniosEmail: |
36.
Stefan Kaufmann 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2009,38(1):1-53
The fact that the standard probabilistic calculus does not define probabilities for sentences with embedded conditionals is
a fundamental problem for the probabilistic theory of conditionals. Several authors have explored ways to assign probabilities
to such sentences, but those proposals have come under criticism for making counterintuitive predictions. This paper examines
the source of the problematic predictions and proposes an amendment which corrects them in a principled way. The account brings
intuitions about counterfactual conditionals to bear on the interpretation of indicatives and relies on the notion of causal
(in)dependence. 相似文献
37.
Limb apraxia is a neurological disorder of higher cognitive function characterized by an inability to perform purposeful skilled
movements and not attributable to an elementary sensorimotor dysfunction or comprehension difficulty. Corticobasal Syndrome
(CBS) is an akinetic rigid syndrome with asymmetric onset and progression with at least one basal ganglia feature (rigidity,
limb dystonia or myoclonus) and one cortical feature (limb apraxia, alien hand syndrome or cortical sensory loss). Even though
limb apraxia is highly prevalent in CBS (70–80%), very few studies have examined the performance of CBS patients on praxis
measures in detail. This review aims to (1) briefly summarize the clinical, neuroanatomical and pathological findings in CBS,
(2) briefly outline what limb apraxia is and how it is assessed, (3) to comprehensively review the literature on limb apraxia
in CBS to date and (4) to briefly summarize the literature on other forms of apraxia, such as limb-kinetic apraxia and buccofacial
apraxia. Overall, the goal of the review is to bring a model-based perspective to the findings available in the literature
to date on limb apraxia in CBS. 相似文献
38.
Hartmann Scheiblechner 《Psychometrika》2007,72(1):43-67
The (univariate) isotonic psychometric (ISOP) model (Scheiblechner, 1995) is a nonparametric IRT model for dichotomous and
polytomous (rating scale) psychological test data. A weak subject independence axiom W1 postulates that the subjects are ordered
in the same way except for ties (i.e., similarly or isotonically) by all items of a psychological test. A weak item independence
axiom W2 postulates that the order of the items is similar for all subjects. Local independence (LI or W3) is assumed in all
models. With these axioms, sample-free unidimensional ordinal measurements of items and subjects become feasible. A cancellation
axiom (Co) gives, as a result, the additive isotonic psychometric (ADISOP) model and interval scales for subjects and items,
and an independence axiom (W4) gives the completely additive isotonic psychometric (CADISOP) model with an interval scale
for the response variable (Scheiblechner, 1999). The d-ISOP, d-ADISOP, and d-CADISOP models are generalizations to d-dimensional dependent variables (e.g., speed and accuracy of response).
The author would like to thank an Associate Editor and two anonymous referees and also Professor H.H. Schulze for their very
valuable suggestions and corrections. 相似文献
39.
Donald E. Arther 《Zygon》2001,36(2):261-267
Where do Paul Tillich's views of the relationship between religion and science fit in Ian Barbour's four classifications of conflict, independence, dialogue, and integration? At different levels of analysis, he fits in all of them. In concrete religions and sciences, some conflict is evident, but religion and science can be thought of as having parallel perspectives, languages, and objectives. Tillich's method of correlation itself is a form of dialogue. His theology of nature in “Life and the Spirit” (Part 4 of his Systematic Theology) fits the integration type. His strong “Two Types of Philosophy of Religion” (in Theology of Culture) is a latent natural theology. His system of the sciences is a form of synthesis, a type of integration. 相似文献
40.
The manner in which the conditional independence graph of a multiway contingency table effects the fitting and interpretation of the Goodman association model (RC) and of correspondence analysis (CA) is considered.Estimation of the row and column scores is presented in this context by developing a unified framework that includes both models. Incorporation of the conditional independence constraints inherent in the graph may lead to equal or additive scores for the corresponding marginal tables, depending on the topology of the graph. An example of doubly additive scores in the analysis of a Burt subtable is given.Thanks are due to anonymous referees who substantially improved the original draft of this paper. 相似文献