Regularized Partial and/or Constrained Redundancy Analysis

Methods of incorporating a ridge type of regularization into partial redundancy analysis (PRA), constrained redundancy analysis (CRA), and partial and constrained redundancy analysis (PCRA) were discussed. The usefulness of ridge estimation in reducing mean square error (MSE) has been recognized in multiple regression analysis for some time, especially when predictor variables are nearly collinear, and the ordinary least squares estimator is poorly determined. The ridge estimation method was extended to PRA, CRA, and PCRA, where the reduced rank ridge estimates of regression coefficients were obtained by minimizing the ridge least squares criterion. It was shown that in all cases they could be obtained in closed form for a fixed value of ridge parameter. An optimal value of the ridge parameter is found by G-fold cross validation. Illustrative examples were given to demonstrate the usefulness of the method in practical data analysis situations. We thank Jim Ramsay for his insightful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The work reported in this paper is supported by Grants 10630 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to the first author.     

阻断内侧前额叶皮质TrkB受体对大鼠认知和海马BDNF表达的影响

脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)广泛参与了个体学习和记忆等认知功能, 通过与其酪氨酸激酶受体(tyrosine kinase, TrkB)特异性结合, 实现其多种神经生化功能。本研究观察了TrkB受体阻断剂ANA-12的慢性内侧前额叶皮质(medial prefrontal cortex, mPFC)注射对大鼠旷场行为、Morris水迷宫空间学习和逆反学习的影响。研究结果表明, mPFC的慢性BDNF阻断显著降低了大鼠在逆反学习测试中的逃离潜伏期和运动距离即增强了大鼠的逆反学习能力, 但不影响其旷场行为和水迷宫空间学习能力。同时, 慢性阻断mPFC-TrkB受体也并未导致大鼠海马BDNF蛋白含量的显著改变。这些结果提示, 对于大鼠的Morris水迷宫空间学习和逆反学习, mPFC-BDNF主要在逆反学习调节中发挥重要作用。这对于进一步探索海马和mPFC在调节个体认知功能中各自的作用及其潜在的相互关系提供了有力的证据和支持。     

Modeling dynamic inconsistency with a changing reference point

A rational principle of decision making called dynamic consistency was tested by presenting decision makers with a sequence of two gambles. The first gamble was obligatory. Before playing the first gamble, participants were asked to make a planned choice as to whether they would take the second gamble. After experiencing the actual results of the first gamble, decision makers were asked to make a final choice regarding the second gamble. Dynamic consistency requires agreement between the planned and final choices. Violations of dynamic consistency were observed, e.g. anticipating a gain in the first gamble, decision makers planned to take the second gamble; after experiencing the gain, they changed their minds and rejected the second gamble. Two models of dynamic inconsistency were compared. One assumes that experience shifts the reference point and changes the utility associated with the gamble; another assumes that experience changes the subjective probability associated with the gamble. The reference point model provided the best account for the findings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The early history of lay analysis,especially in Vienna,Berlin and London: Aspects of an unfolding controversy (1906‐24)1,2

Before the First World War, it had been taken for granted that psychoanalysis was carried out by doctors. The IPA, however, also included non‐physicians. This corresponded to Freud's view that psychoanalysis was a basic science (psychology of the unconscious) with manifold fields of application in medicine as well as in the humanities. It was for the latter application that Freud specifically recruited a number of researchers, e.g. Rank. After 1918, helped by a general boom in psychotherapy, these people too began to work as therapists. This led to a debate about lay analysis within the ‘Secret Committee’ that has so far received little attention and is one focus of this paper. Abraham had only allowed doctors to become members of his group. Similarly the Berlin Policlinic was established as a place for the postgraduate training of doctors. On the other hand, Freud (together with Rank) continued to maintain his broader view of psychoanalysis. In 1920/21, he already wished that analysts would not become a subgroup within the medical profession, but a profession of their own, defined by their special training. The big problem of the late 1920s, that different attitudes to the lay question threatened the autonomy of local or national groups and the integration of the IPA, also became visible at that early time in a conflict between London (Jones) and Vienna/Berlin.     

幼儿社交退缩游戏矫正的倒返实验研究

本研究采用A1B1A2B2的倒返实验设计,探讨由幼儿教师编制并实施的幼儿集体系列游戏是否能矫正幼儿的社交退缩。结果显示,被试在A1很少与人交往,在B1与人交往的时间经过一定的反复逐渐增加,在A2与人交往的时间再度减少,在B2与人交往的时间又增加;A1与B1、B2有极显著差别。实验证明,幼儿集体系列游戏可以矫正幼儿的问题行为。     

Acceptance of a price discount: the role of the semantic relatedness between purchases and the comparative price format

Two studies are reported where people are asked to accept or not a price reduction on a target product. In the high (low) relative saving version, the regular price of the target product is low (high). In both versions, the absolute value of the price reduction is the same as well as the total of regular prices of planned purchases. As first reported by Tversky and Kahneman ( 1981 ), findings show that the majority of people accept the price discount in the high‐relative saving version whereas the minority do it in the low one. In Study 1, findings show that the previous preference reversal disappears when planned purchases are strongly related. Also, a previously unreported preference reversal is found. The majority of people accept the price discount when the products are weakly related whereas the minority accept when the products are strongly related. In Study 2, findings show that the classic preference reversal disappears as a function of the comparative price format. Also, another previously unreported preference reversal is found. When the offered price reduction relates to a low‐priced product, people are more inclined to accept it with a control than a minimal comparative price format. Findings reported in Studies 1 and 2 are interpreted in terms of mental accounting shifts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of recent incidents of on-field violence in sport: legal decisions and additional considerations from psychology

This article focuses on two recent incidents of serious on-field violence in sports and the legal consequences for those involved. The two incidents occurred in Dutch football (soccer) and became infamous owing to the nature of the violent incidents and widespread media coverage. The legal outcomes of these two incidents are described, and some of the difficulties that legal authorities face in considering assaults on the sports field are discussed. A new way of categorizing such violent incidents and the motivation behind them, based on an established psychological theory [reversal theory, Apter, 1982, 2001] is proposed. Taken along with the other points made in this article, being aware of when and how individuals cross the boundaries between play and anger, power or thrill violence may provide an additional perspective to making informed decisions about illegal violent acts on the sports field.     

Weight approximations in multi‐attribute decision models

The use of surrogate weights based on rankings has been proposed as a method for avoiding difficulties associated with the elicitation of weights in multi‐attribute decision analysis. When the simple multiattribute rating technique using swings (SMARTS) method is being employed it has been suggested that rank order centroid (ROC) weights are the best surrogate weights to use. This study shows that ROC weights are appropriate to use as a substitute for original weights that are constrained to sum to a fixed total (usually 1 or 100) as used in the point allocation method. If, however, the original weights are determined without any initial restrictions, as in the direct rating method, and are then normalized, which is the common procedure in SMARTS analysis, then the ROC weights do not provide the best approximations to the original weights. This paper shows how to obtain rank order distribution (ROD) weights that provide a better approximation than the ROC approach to unrestricted original weights. The paper also shows that, as the number of attributes in a decision problem increases, the ROD weights approximate to the more easily calculated rank sum weights. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

德法次序:一种现代政治伦理学叙事

道德和法律的关系,是体现现代性本质的一个核心问题。“德法次序”概念,可以将日常德治和法治关系的探讨,纳入到具有普遍性的政治哲学框架中来,实现一种现代政治哲学叙事。     

Relationship of social rank in mice to growth,endurance, and fertility

The influence of the social rank of male mice, determined by the outcome of fights, was assessed on their growth, treadmill performance, open-field behavior, and morphometric traits. Fertility of mated females was also investigated. Special attention was paid to the relationship between the male's social rank and body weight. Winners of fights were heavier than losers; their latencies were shorter, and they showed more locomotor activity in an open field test. Winners also had higher absolute testicular and epididymal weights. These males had a positive influence on the reproductive fitness of the females with which they were mated.