Parentification and Resilience Among Students With Clinical and Nonclinical Aspirations: A Cross‐Sectional Quantitative Study

This study examined the relationship between level of parentification and resilience among students with clinical and nonclinical aspirations in Malaysia. A total of 419 college students were surveyed using the Parentification Questionnaire (Jurkovic & Thirkield, 1998 ) and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003 ). Results showed that clinical students were significantly higher in parentification compared with nonclinical students, and parentification positively predicted resilience. Implications for multicultural counseling and research were discussed. Este estudio examinó la relación entre el nivel de parentificación y la resiliencia entre estudiantes con aspiraciones clínicas y no clínicas en Malasia. Se entrevistó a un total de 419 estudiantes universitarios usando el Cuestionario de Parentificación (Jurkovic & Thirkield, 1998 ) y la Escala de Resiliencia Connor‐Davidson (Connor & Davidson, 2003 ). Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes clínicos tenían niveles significativamente mayores de parentificación comparados con los estudiantes no clínicos, y la parentificación fue un indicador positivo de resiliencia. Se discuten las implicaciones para la consejería e investigación multiculturales.     

Grit in adolescence is protective of late-life cognition: non-cognitive factors and cognitive reserve

Various psychological assets have been shown to protect against late-life cognitive impairment by promoting cognitive reserve. While factors such as educational attainment and IQ are well-established contributors to cognitive reserve, noncognitive factors, such as grit, have not been studied in this regard. We examined the contribution of adolescent grit, indexed by high school class rank controlling for IQ, to late-life cognition and its decline among approximately 4000 participants in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a random sample of high school graduates followed from 1957 to 2011. Adolescent grit significantly predicted both immediate and delayed memory at ages 64 and 71, over and above the contribution of IQ. While the relative contributions of IQ and grit to immediate memory were comparable, grit was a stronger predictor of delayed memory. Cognitive reserve has noncognitive, as well as cognitive, components.     

Extreme malleability of preferences: Absolute preference sign changes under uncertainty

Malleability of preferences is a central tenet of behavioral decision theory. How malleable preferences really are, however, is a topic of debate. Do preference reversals imply preference construction? We argue that to claim preferences are construed, a demonstration of more extreme preference malleability than simple preference reversals is required: absolute preference sign changes within participants. If respondents value a prospect positively in 1 condition but negatively in a different condition, preferences cannot be considered stable. Such absolute preference sign changes are possible under uncertainty. In 2 incentive‐compatible experiments, we found participants were willing to pay to take part in a gamble and also demanded to be compensated to take part in a subsequent gamble with identical outcomes and probabilities. Such absolute preference sign changes within participants led to simultaneous risk aversion and risk seeking for the same risky prospect, suggesting that, at least in the domain of risky decisions, consumers' preferences are indeed malleable and construed.     

Awareness training reduces college students' speech disfluencies in public speaking

Recent research suggests that a modified habit reversal procedure, including awareness training alone or combined with competing response training, is effective in decreasing speech disfluencies for college students. However, these procedures are potentially lengthy, sometimes require additional booster sessions, and could result in covariation of untargeted speaker behavior. We extended prior investigations by evaluating awareness training as a sole intervention while also measuring collateral effects of treatment on untargeted filler words and rate of speech. We found awareness training was effective for all participants without the use of booster sessions, and covariation between targeted filler words and secondary dependent variables was idiosyncratic across participants.     

孔子眼中的卜筮

文章具体论述了孔子"重德轻筮"的学《易》旨趣及其与孔门天命观的深层关联,指出:帛书《要》篇的思想内容,在孔门有其自身悠久的承接发展过程,绝非汉儒所创。     

Equivalence classification by California sea lions using class-specific reinforcers

The ability to group dissimilar stimuli into categories on the basis of common stimulus relations (stimulus equivalence) or common functional relations (functional equivalence) has been convincingly demonstrated in verbally competent subjects. However, there are investigations with verbally limited humans and with nonhuman animals that suggest that the formation and use of classification schemes based on equivalence does not depend on linguistic skills. The present investigation documented the ability of two California sea lions to classify stimuli into functional classes using a simple discrimination reversal procedure. Following the formation of functional classes in this context, the second experiment showed transfer of the relations that emerged between class members to a matching-to-sample procedure. The third experiment demonstrated that the functional classes could be expanded through traditionally defined equivalence relations. In these three experiments, appropriate within-class responding produced class-specific food reinforcers. Experiment 3 addressed the role of these reinforcers in equivalence classification and showed that the class-specific reinforcers were sufficient to relate new stimuli to the functional classes. These findings show that sea lions can form equivalence classes in simple and conditional discrimination procedures, and that class-specific reinforcers can become equivalence class members.     

Concurrent nonindependent fixed‐ratio schedules of alcohol self‐administration: Effects of schedule size on choice

Choice behavior was studied under concurrent nonindependent fixed‐ratio fixed‐ratio (nFR) schedules of reinforcement, as these schedules result in frequent changeover responses. With these schedules, responses on either operandum count toward the completion of the ratio requirements of both schedules. Five monkeys were subjects, and two pairs of liquid reinforcers were concurrently available: 16% (w/v) and 0% ethanol or 16% and 8% ethanol. For each pair of reinforcers, the nFR sizes were systematically altered across sessions while keeping the schedule size equal for both liquids. Responding varied as a function of reinforcer pair and nFR size. With the 16% and 0% pair, higher response rates were maintained by 16% and were an inverted U‐shape function of nFR size. With 16% and 8%, a greater number of responses initially occurred on the schedule that delivered 8% ethanol. However, as nFR size increased, preference reversed such that responses that delivered 16% ethanol were greater. When the nFR size was subsequently decreased, preference reverted back to 8%. Number of responses emitted per delivery was a dependent variable and, in behavioral economic terms, was the price paid for each liquid delivery. With 16% and 0%, changeover responses initially increased and then decreased as schedule size became larger. In contrast, with the 16% and 8% pair, changeover responses increased directly with schedule size. Responding under nFR schedules is sensitive to differences in reinforcer magnitude and demonstrates that relative reinforcing effects can change as a function of schedule size.     

Organization of behavior in unfamiliar female rabbits

Under natural conditions, female European rabbits usually spend the whole of their life in their natal groups, establishing a network of stable relationships with their group-mates, particularly with other females. Indeed, female social interactions with groupmates are ultimately responsible for the dimension, structure, and cohesion of the group itself. Despite their importance in social organization, non-reproductive female behaviors are poorly known. This study aims to provide information on the nature and distribution of these behaviors in familiar and unfamiliar milieux. For this purpose, female rabbits unfamiliar with each other were experimentally grouped, housed in outdoor enclosures new to them, and observed as they gradually familiarized with their environment and group-mates. When females were unfamiliar with both environment and group-mates, they would often mark objects (but never conspecifics) and engage in agonistic activities, preceded by approach and olfactory investigation. Once females had become familiar with their environment and group-mates, they spent a lot of time eating and self-grooming. Marking frequency decreased, and agonistic behavior became rare and appeared no longer related to introductory behaviors, which under these conditions led to amiable interactions, such as lying side by side with group-mates or grooming them. Under both unfamiliar and familiar conditions, high-ranking females appeared more active and interactive than low-ranking ones.     

Habit reversal as a treatment for chronic skin picking in typically developing adult male siblings.

In this study, habit reversal was evaluated as a treatment for skin picking in typically developing adult male siblings using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design. Results showed socially valid decreases in reported picking as a result of treatment.     

A nonparametric method to analyze interactions: The adjusted rank transform test

Experimental social psychologists routinely rely on ANOVA to study interactions between factors even when the assumptions underlying the use of parametric tests are not met. Alternative nonparametric methods are often relatively difficult to conduct, have seldom been presented into detail in regular curriculum and have the reputation - sometimes incorrectly - of being less powerful than parametric tests. This article presents the adjusted rank transform test (ART); a nonparametric test, easy to conduct, having the advantage of being much more powerful than parametric tests when certain assumptions underlying the use of these tests are violated. To specify the conditions under which the adjusted rank transform test is superior to the usual parametric tests, results of a Monte Carlo simulation are presented.