Weakness of will and motivational internalism

The unconditional version of motivational internalism says that if an agent sincerely judges that to φ in circumstances C is the best option available to her, then, as a matter of conceptual necessity, she will be motivated to φ in C. This position faces a powerful counterargument according to which it is possible for various cases of practical irrationality to completely defeat an agent’s moral motivation while, at the same time, leaving her appreciation of her moral reasons intact. In this paper, I will argue that weakness of will, as the paradigmatic case of practical irrationality, and all other cases of practical irrationality that feature in standard formulations of this argument do not represent genuine counterexamples to this version of motivational internalism. In this sense, the main aim of this paper is to show that proponents of this internalist position are well justified in their denial of the claim that there are people who are completely unmotivated by their judgments about what is the best option available to them.     

性传播疾病过度医疗的思考

在性传播疾病(Sexually Transmitted Disease,STD)的诊治过程中,过度医疗的现象司空见惯,现状堪忧,原因是多方面的:STD患者是一个特殊群体,缺乏科学的就医观;医疗机构利益驱动;媒体缺乏正确的宣传等.这必将导致增加患者的身心负担,破坏医患关系,浪费医疗卫生资源.只有重视这一特殊群体,加强监管,取缔非法诊所,避免利益驱动,更新观念,坚持个体化综合治疗才能使STD的诊治走上健康发展的道路.     

药价“虚高”:成因、结果分析与对策探讨

药品价格“虚高”已成为近年来药品市场中的一个突出问题。通过考量药价“虚高”的成因,并从实证的角度分析药价“虚高”的结果———“有效需求人数”和“消费者剩余”的减少,提出一些建议。     

对“医疗服务商品和市场”存在客观性和必然性的理性思考——兼评《对中国医疗卫生体制改革的评价与建议》

针对国务院发展研究中心课题组发表的《对中国医疗卫生体制改革的评价与建议》提出的卫生改革带来“问题的根源在于商业化、市场化的走向违背了医疗卫生事业发展的基本规律。”提出“医疗服务商品”、“医疗服务市场”的存在是客观的,并通过反驳《评价与建议》提出的四对矛盾,提出“医疗服务商品”、“医疗服务市场”的存在也是必然的,最后分析了所谓“卫生改革失败”的真正原因。     

ISLAM AND SCIENCE: CONTRADICTION OR CONCORDANCE

Abstract. Many question whether Islam and science can be compatible. In the first six hundred years of Islam, Muslims addressed all fields of knowledge available to them with unprecedented zeal and contributed immensely to the knowledge that became the precursor of the Renaissance in Europe. The Tatar invasion in the thirteenth century and the total destruction of Baghdad, the Muslim capital of knowledge and science, followed by the crusades, the ensuing hostility between East and West, and Western colonialism of Muslim countries led to a distrust of all knowledge emanating from the West. Such distrust closed the doors to ijtihad, a dynamic method in Islamic jurisprudence for addressing change, new demands, and new acquired knowledge, even though the Qur'an challenges Muslims to think, contemplate, understand, comprehend, and examine everything around them—tasks that bring humankind closer to God as they find methods to apply God's laws of justice and equity to the benefit of all humankind. Islam is the religion of yusr (ease) and not ‘usr (hardship). The creation of the world was for human benefit and use. Innovation for such beneficial use and application is a must.     

应用Markov模型进行临床决策分析的思考

应用模型进行临床决策分析的研究日益增多,Markov模型就是近年来用于临床决策分析的一种.它优于传统的决策树分析方法,能应用于疾病预后影响因素的研究、筛查试验的评价、疾病治疗结局预测、纵向生命质量资料分析等多个方面.Markov模型用于临床决策分析,是创新思维的体现,是实事求是的典范,体现了认识的辩证过程.     

基诺族亲属词概念结构的特点及其成因

运用自然分类和多维标度方法,探讨基诺族中学生的亲属词概念结构特点。结果发现,基诺族亲属词概念结构有两个维度：(1)亲密程度;(2)照顾者／被照顾者。这与汉族中学生的亲属词概念结构既有相同之处,又有明显差异。这与基诺族的血缘婚制度以及马来亚式亲属制度等历史积淀有关,也与基诺族跨越式发展中他文化的渗透和主文化的变迁有关。     

早期归隐现象与管晏的隐逸观

我国古代的隐逸发生很早,至迟在商周之际就有不少可信的例子,到春秋时期成为一种普遍社会现象。对于隐逸,管、晏进行了具体分析,给予隐士客观评价,并主张国家积极征召隐士。管、晏的隐逸观与他们自身经历有关,也是其“举贤授能”人才思想的一部分。管、晏招隐士的主张,对于当时诸侯笼络人才、赢取民心、稳定社会具有积极作用。     

Stories as indicators of practical knowledge: Analysing project workers' talk from a study of participation in a youth inclusion programme

The paper deals with the issue of practical knowledge for enabling participation. Participation as a strategy for change is widespread in community, health and human service contexts. Research to date has focused on the mechanisms of beneficiaries' participation (e.g. identity, empowerment, activity, gender, space). However, participation as an engagement strategy is action oriented and requires high levels of interaction between those creating the conditions for participation and those participating. These conditions need to be continuously adjusted and outcomes are often unpredictable. This process of ‘working with’ is often dealt with as a technical issue and captured in metaphorical language. Less emphasis has been given to the type of knowledge modalities that might be necessary in order to enable participation. Drawing on an ethnographic case study of participation in a youth inclusion programme the paper explores the role of stories as potential indicators of practical knowledge. The paper argues that enabling young people's participation requires intuition and imagination, patience and perseverance, and judgement for acting under uncertainty. It concludes that stories only partially fulfil their potential as indicators of such knowledge modalities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国婆媳关系初探

婆媳关系、婆媳冲突是几千年以来就存在的现象,其隐含了心理、伦理、文化、社会,乃至国家、民族等诸多因素。本文对婆媳关系时代变化的特点进行描述和对婆媳之间冲突矛盾的原因进行初步的探讨。