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981.
The present study examined involvement in children's learning among parents of 101 children between 8 and 12 years of age (53 parents of children with ADHD, 48 parents of children without ADHD). Compared to parents of children without ADHD, parents of children with ADHD reported lower self-efficacy in their ability to help their children, felt less welcome and supported by their children's schools and teachers, and perceived less time and energy for involvement in their children's academic lives. Mothers of children with and without ADHD reported similar types and levels of involvement behaviors in the home. Fathers of children with ADHD reported being more disengaged from their children's learning and using more coercive and punitive interactions regarding their children's achievement compared to fathers of children without ADHD. These findings underscore the difficulties in parent-supported learning practices and home-school collaboration initiatives faced by parents of children with ADHD and educators alike. Implications for school psychology practice are discussed. 相似文献
982.
Tuomas K. Pernu 《Philosophical Studies》2009,142(3):371-386
The project of treating knowledge as an empirical object of study has gained popularity in recent naturalistic epistemology.
It is argued here that the assumption that such an object of study exists is in tension with other central elements of naturalistic
philosophy. Two hypotheses are considered. In the first, “knowledge” is hypothesized to refer to mental states causally responsible
for the behaviour of cognitive agents. Here, the relational character of truth creates a problem. In the second hypothesis
“knowledge” is hypothesized to refer to mental states causally responsible for the evolutionarily successful behaviour of
cognitive agents. Here, the problem lies in the fact that evolution by natural selection is not necessarily conducive to truth.
The result does not necessarily amount to eliminativism, however, since the naturalist may consistently reject the condition
of truth that lies behind these problems. 相似文献
983.
Jessica Wilson 《Philosophical Studies》2009,145(1):149-169
How can mental properties bring about physical effects, as they seem to do, given that the physical realizers of the mental goings-on are already sufficient to cause these effects? This question gives rise to the problem of mental causation (MC) and its associated threats of causal overdetermination, mental causal exclusion, and mental causal irrelevance. Some (e.g., Cynthia and Graham Macdonald, and Stephen Yablo) have suggested that understanding mental-physical realization in terms of the determinable/determinate relation (henceforth, ‘determination’) provides the key to solving the problem of MC: if mental properties are determinables of their physical realizers, then (since determinables and determinates are distinct, yet don’t causally compete) all three threats may be avoided. Not everyone agrees that determination can do this good work, however. Some (e.g., Douglas Ehring, Eric Funkhauser, and Sven Walter) object that mental-physical realization can’t be determination, since such realization lacks one or other characteristic feature of determination. I argue that on a proper understanding of the features of determination key to solving the problem of MC these arguments can be resisted. 相似文献
984.
Tommaso Piazza 《Philosophical Studies》2009,145(2):311-324
Many stored beliefs, like beliefs in one’s personal data or beliefs in one’s area of expertise, intuitively amount to knowledge,
and so are justified. This uncontroversial datum arguably tells against evidentialism, the position according to which a belief
is justified if it fits the available evidence: stored beliefs are normally not sustained by one’s available evidence. Conee
and Feldman have tried to meet this potential objection by relaxing the notion of available evidence. According to their proposal,
stored beliefs are dispositionally justified, because they are justified by the evidence one has the disposition to retrieve;
such evidence, as a consequence, is to be characterize as available, though in a derivative sense. Goldman has criticized
this proposal, by offering a counterexample to the claim that a disposition to generate a piece of evidence may qualify as
a justifier. In this paper I critically examine two possible replies to Goldman’s example stemming from Conee and Feldman,
and finally propose my own, based on a distinction, inspired by Audi, between dispositional evidence and the disposition to
have evidence. Though this proposal differs from Conee and Feldman’s one, I will conclude that it fits pretty well their intuitions.
相似文献
Tommaso PiazzaEmail: |
985.
Peer education is a community-based intervention being implemented worldwide as an approach to HIV prevention. However, its results are inconsistent, with little consensus on why some projects succeed while others fail. Considering peer education as an ‘intervention-in-context’, we systematically compare the context and the implementation of two peer education interventions run by sex workers, one in India and one in South Africa, which produced contrasting outcomes. In so doing, we aim to identify key factors in the projects’ successes or failures that may inform future peer education efforts. The Indian project’s relative success was facilitated (1) by a more stable and supportive social, material and political context, and (2) by a community development ethos which devoted significant resources to sex workers’ involvement, ownership and empowerment, as opposed to a biomedical approach which marginalised sex workers’ concerns. We conclude with lessons learned and implications for current trends in peer education. 相似文献
986.
Nanda N. J. Rommelse Marieke E. Altink Ellen A. Fliers Neilson C. Martin Cathelijne J. M. Buschgens Catharina A. Hartman Jan K. Buitelaar Stephen V. Faraone Joseph A. Sergeant Jaap Oosterlaan 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):793-804
We aimed to assess which comorbid problems (oppositional defiant behaviors, anxiety, autistic traits, motor coordination problems,
and reading problems) were most associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); to determine whether these
comorbid problems shared executive and motor problems on an endophenotype level with ADHD; and to determine whether executive
functioning (EF)—and motor-endophenotypes supported the hypothesis that ADHD with comorbid problems is a qualitatively different
phenotype than ADHD without comorbid problems. An EF—and a motor-endophenotype were formed based on nine neuropsychological
tasks administered to 816 children from ADHD—and control-families. Additional data on comorbid problems were gathered using
questionnaires. Results indicated that oppositional defiant behaviors appeared the most important comorbid problems of ADHD,
followed by autistic traits, and than followed by motor coordination problems, anxiety, and reading problems. Both the EF—and
motor-endophenotype were correlated and cross-correlated in siblings to autistic traits, motor coordination problems and reading
problems, suggesting ADHD and these comorbid problems may possibly share familial/genetic EF and motor deficits. No such results
were found for oppositional defiant behaviors and anxiety. ADHD in co-occurrence with comorbid problems may not be best seen
as a distinct subtype of ADHD, but further research is warranted.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
987.
van Mourik R Papanikolau A van Gellicum-Bijlhout J van Oostenbruggen J Veugelers D Post-Uiterweer A Sergeant JA Oosterlaan J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(2):293-303
The view that Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with a diminished ability to control interfference is controversial and based exclusively on results of (verbal)-visual interference tasks, primarily the Stroop Color Word task. The present study compares medication-naïve children with ADHD (n?=?35 and n?=?51 in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively) with normal controls (n?=?26 and n?=?32, respectively) on two interference tasks to assess interference control in both the auditory and the visual modality: an Auditory Stroop task and a Simon task. Both groups showed reliable but equal degrees of interference on both tasks, suggesting that children with ADHD do not differ from normal controls in their ability to control interference in either modality. 相似文献
988.
We investigated whether directed forgetting as elicited by the item-cueing method results solely from differential rehearsal of to-be-remembered vs. to-be-forgotten words or, additionally, from inhibitory processes that actively impair retrieval of to-be-forgotten words. During study, participants (N = 24) were instructed to remember half of a series of presented words (TBR) and to forget the other half (TBF), as indicated by an instruction cue shown shortly after each word. During test, accuracy and reaction time measures from lexical decisions (indirect memory test) followed by recognition-memory judgements (direct memory test) were supplemented with event-related potential (ERP) recordings. Results from the behavioural measures revealed directed forgetting in the recognition-memory test but not the lexical-decision test. ERPs obtained during recognition indicated that TBR words elicited a larger parietal old/new effect than TBF words overall, suggesting that remember/forget instructions impaired conscious recollection processes more severely than familiarity processes. Moreover, TBF words that were successfully forgotten elicited less parietal activity than correctly rejected new words (the reversed old/new effect; Nowicka, A., Jednorórog, K., Wypych, M., & Marchewka, A. (2009). Reversed old/new effect for intentionally forgotten words: An ERP study of directed forgetting. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 71, 97–102). This was taken to implicate that inhibitory processes likely affected these items. Enhanced negativities for successfully forgotten TBF words relative to new words were observed in the lexical-decision task at early (150–250 ms) and late (800–1000 ms) time windows, suggesting that inhibitory influences disrupt more than just conscious recollection when memory retrieval is tested indirectly. 相似文献
989.
Hroar Klempe 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):260-266
Music is to a large extent understood as if it is a language. This is also true when it comes to the recently published book
Communicative Musicality edited by Stephen Malloch and Colwyn Trevarthen (2009a). In this essay it is demonstrated that a lingocentric understanding of music is strongly connected to modernity, but also
that early experimental psychology presupposed a distinction between music and language. Polyphony, therefore, is here presented
as a characteristic for the musical system.
相似文献
Hroar KlempeEmail: |
990.
Inês M. Tavares PhD Natalie O. Rosen PhD Julia R. Heiman PhD Pedro J. Nobre PhD 《Family process》2024,63(1):192-209
There is limited understanding of the dynamic between relational and sexual well-being as couples adjust to new parenthood, despite this being a vulnerable period for couples' relationships. This study was aimed at examining the bidirectional links between relationship quality and sexual well-being (i.e., sexual satisfaction, sexual distress) across the transition to parenthood. We assessed new parent couples (N = 257) across four time points (two prenatal) from mid-pregnancy through 6 months postpartum. Parallel dyadic latent growth curve modeling was employed to examine the associations between trajectories of perceived relationship quality, sexual satisfaction, and sexual distress. New parents' declines in relationship quality were associated with declines in own and partners' sexual satisfaction and with increases in own sexual distress. Mothers' prenatal relationship quality and sexual distress predicted subsequent changes in own sexual distress and fathers' relationship quality, respectively. Results indicate that changes to new parents' relational and sexual well-being mutually influence each other over time. Current results indicate that the impact of the transition on couples' relationships is partly determined by own and partners' prenatal factors, to which clinicians and researchers can attend to early on. Cross-domain links between relational and sexual well-being should be considered in research and clinical practice. 相似文献