同伴网络过度使用行为和态度、网络使用同伴压力与大学生网络成瘾的关系

基于社会学习理论和同伴规范影响理论,通过整群取样的方法从北京市两所高校中共选取3068名大一新生为被试,以问卷方式测查了大学生感知到的同伴网络过度使用行为和态度以及网络使用过程中的同伴压力和自身的网络成瘾程度;探讨了同伴的网络过度使用行为、态度对自身网络成瘾的影响及网络使用同伴压力在这一关系中的中介作用。结果表明:(1)大学生中的网络成瘾者所感知到的同伴网络过度使用行为、态度及网络使用时同伴压力均显著高于非网络成瘾者;(2)同伴网络过度使用行为、态度以及网络使用同伴压力均与网络成瘾的总分及五个维度得分呈显著正相关;(3)同伴网络过度使用行为可以正向显著地直接预测大学生网络成瘾的程度,同时也会通过网络使用的同伴压力这一中介变量间接地预测大学生的网络成瘾程度;但同伴的网络过度使用态度不能直接预测自身的网络成瘾程度,而是通过同伴压力间接地影响自身的网络成瘾程度。结论:网络使用过程中的同伴压力在同伴网络过度使用行为影响自身网络成瘾程度关系中起部分中介作用,而在同伴网络过度使用态度影响自身网络成瘾程度关系中起完全中介作用。     

3～5岁幼儿暗示感受性与压力的关系:抑制性控制的调节效应

本研究在已有研究的基础上进一步探讨认知因素与外源性因素对儿童暗示感受性的交互作用。文章通过在访谈过程中设置不同水平的压力反馈,选用自编的儿童视觉暗示感受性测试材料及一系列抑制性控制实验任务,考查了儿童抑制性控制对压力和暗示感受性关系的调节作用。结果表明:(1)3～5岁幼儿的暗示感受性随着年龄的增长显著降低。(2)压力影响3～5岁幼儿的暗示感受性水平,压力越大,儿童的暗示感受性越强。(3)抑制性控制对压力与暗示感受性的关系具有显著的调节作用,压力对暗示感受性的影响会随着幼儿抑制性控制水平的提高而不断减弱。对于抑制性控制水平低的儿童来说,压力能正向预测其暗示感受性;但对于抑制性控制水平高的儿童来说,压力并不能显著预测其暗示感受性。     

The loss spiral of work pressure, work-home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relations in a three-wave study

This study tested the ‘loss spiral’ hypothesis of work-home interference (WHI). Accordingly, work pressure was expected to lead to WHI and exhaustion, and, vice versa, exhaustion was expected to result in more WHI and work pressure over time. Results of SEM-analyses using three waves of data obtained from 335 employees of an employment agency offered strong support for this hypothesis. It was found that T1 work pressure and exhaustion were determinants of T2 and T3 WHI, whereas T1 WHI was a causal determinant of T2 and T3 exhaustion and work pressure. In addition, work pressure and exhaustion had causal and reversed causal relationships over time. These empirical findings suggest that common theoretical models postulating the causal chain of work pressure → WHI → exhaustion are inadequate. Rather, more elaborated models including reciprocal relationships between work characteristics, WHI and employee well-being seem more appropriate.     

The unexpected benefits of final deadlines in negotiation

Two experiments explored actual and predicted outcomes in competitive dyadic negotiations under time pressure. Participants predicted that final deadlines would hurt their negotiation outcomes. Actually, moderate deadlines improved outcomes for negotiators who were eager to get a deal quickly because the passage of time was costly to them. Participants’ erroneous predictions may be due to oversimplified and egocentric prediction processes that focus on the effects of situational constraints (deadlines) on the self and oversimplify or ignore their effects on others. The results clarify the psychological processes by which people predict the outcomes of negotiation and select negotiation strategies.     

When work and family collide: Deciding between competing role demands

This study examined the factors that influence the decision to participate in a work activity or a competing family activity. Part-time MBA students were presented with a vignette in which they were required to choose between participating in a weekend project team meeting and a surprise birthday party for a parent. Pressures from role senders (managers and spouses) to participate in each activity and the supportiveness of role senders for participation in the other role were manipulated in vignettes, and the salience of each role was assessed with self-report scales. Both work and family pressures affected the choice of activity. The salience of work and family roles for respondents also influenced the choice, with the effect of family salience stronger for those who were higher in self-esteem and higher in work salience. Implications of the findings for understanding the directionality of work–family interference are identified, limitations are discussed, and areas for future research are proposed.     

Normalized pulse volume and blood volume as separate indices of finger arterial and venous vascular tone: Examination under propofol

Abstract: This study examined the newly proposed indices for estimating finger vascular tone, which can be obtained from near infrared transmittance photoplethysmographic recordings; normalized pulse volume (NPV) and blood volume (BV). They were recorded for seven male and two female students under continuous infusion of and recovery from propofol. Concomitant hemodynamic measurements were made with a non-invasive impedance cardiograph and a continuous blood pressure monitor. Normalized pulse volume showed no apparent dose-dependency and was negatively correlated with total peripheral resistance. In contrast, BV increased dose-dependently with propofol concentration and was negatively correlated with cardiac preload index (PLI) and with stroke volume (SV) at higher concentrations. The supplementary structural equation modeling procedure effectively illustrated causal relationships between BV, PLI and SV. In conclusion, the present data suggest that NPV and BV independently reflect arterial and venous tone in the finger tip, respectively. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, BV is more sensitive to vascular dilation under propofol anesthesia.     

Unilateral Stability and Visual Feedback Body Control Improves After Three-Month Resistance Training in Overweight Individuals

The authors evaluated the effect of 3 months of resistance and aerobic training (3 sessions/week) on body balance in a group of 25 overweight and obese individuals. Prior to and after the training, they performed static and task-oriented balance tests under various conditions. Mean center of pressure (CoP) velocity and mean trace length of the CoP in the y-axis registered during a one-legged stance significantly decreased after the resistance training (19.1%, p = .024; 29.3%, p = .009). Mean trace length of the CoP in the y-axis decreased significantly also during a bipedal stance on a foam surface with eyes open and closed (10.9%, p = .040; 18.2%, p = .027). In addition, mean CoP distance and mean squared CoP distance in the anteroposterior direction during a visually guided center of mass (CoM) tracking task significantly improved (14.7%, p = .033; 28.2%, p = .016). However, only mean trace length of the CoP in the y-axis during a bipedal stance on a foam surface with eyes open and closed significantly decreased after the aerobic training (10.3%, p = .047; 16.5%, p = .029). It may be concluded that resistance training is more efficient for the improvement of the anteroposterior unilateral stability and the accuracy of the regulation of the CoM anteroposterior position than aerobic training in overweight and obese individuals.     

Time pressure with state vigour and state absorption: are they non-linearly related?

On the basis of activation theory and the challenge-hindrance demands model, this study was conducted to clarify the functional form (linear vs. curvilinear) of the within-persons relations of time pressure with vigour and absorption. Further, we investigated whether these relations would be moderated by time-varying job control. A total of 52 full-time employees (44% female) participated in the study, which included two assessments per day over the course of 2 work weeks. Our analyses confirmed an inverted U-shaped within-persons association between state time pressure and state vigour and a moderator effect of job control on the curvilinear relation. By contrast, state time pressure and state absorption displayed only a positive linear relation. This study demonstrates that within-persons high levels of time pressure may impair employees’ energy levels but still promote their absorption at work.     

积极同伴压力、自尊对青少年不同冒险行为的影响

该研究基于问题行为理论,采用问卷法对普通高中、中职院校689名青少年学生进行调查,探讨了积极同伴压力、自尊对青少年不同冒险行为的影响及其交互作用和学校差异。结果表明:(1)中职院校生的积极同伴压力和冒险行为都显著高于普通高中生;(2)积极同伴压力不能预测青少年的适应不良冒险行为,但可显著预测普通高中生的社会可接受冒险行为;(3)自尊可显著负向预测青少年的适应不良冒险行为,显著正向预测普通高中生的社会可接受冒险行为;(4)自尊仅可以调节普通高中生的积极同伴压力与社会可接受冒险行为的关系:高自尊增强了高积极同伴压力对青少年社会可接受冒险行为的影响;但它不能调节无论哪所学校青少年的积极同伴压力与适应不良冒险行为的关系。     

Balance of blood pressure equivalents as a new quantitative scale for identifying cardiac versus vascular reactor: Comparisons with Gregg, Matyas and James' (2002) hemodynamic profile scale

Abstract:  A quantitative scale for identifying cardiac versus vascular reactor, balance of blood pressure equivalents ( BE ), was newly advocated and compared with a very recently advocated one, hemodynamic profile ( HP ), by Gregg, Matyas and James (2002). BE was defined as " (Δ Q/Q ₀) P ₀'  − ( Δ R/R ₀ )P ₀." Here, P ₀ , Q ₀, and R ₀ were mean blood pressure ( P ), cardiac output ( Q ), and total peripheral resistance ( R ) during baseline, and Δ Q and Δ R were the difference scores of Q and R from baseline to stress, respectively. This was named as BE because the two terms in the formula indicated changes in Q and R in their blood pressure equivalents. Comparisons of the BE and HP scales were carried out, theoretically, in a newly introduced pressor space, on orthogonality with the extent of elevation of P (Δ P ); and then, practically, by using hypothetical data. In summary, it was shown that data points in the neighborhood in the pressor space can be judged as having not so different hemodynamic balance whether the BE or HP scale was used. As a merit, the BE scale seemed helpful to an intuitive understanding of the hemodynamics during stress. As a demerit, it cannot maintain the quasi-orthogonal relationship with Δ P when Q or R changes profoundly in the face of stress.