Public Responses to Community Compensation: The Importance of Prior Consultations with Local Residents

A company that wants to implement an industrial project with adverse local impacts can offer the members of the affected community compensation for bearing the burdens associated with the project. In the current study, participants evaluated such a situation from the perspective of observer. Depending on experimental condition, they learned that a company either had or had not consulted members of the affected community prior to deciding on the compensation offer. The compensation offer was either public goods compensation or individual monetary compensation. We hypothesized and found that the decision‐making process was considered fairer and the company was perceived as more concerned with the local public interest when the company had consulted local residents prior to deciding on the compensation offer. Also, the company was believed to be more concerned with the local public interest when it offered public goods compensation instead of individual monetary compensation. Perceived concern and perceived fairness predicted the perceived trustworthiness of the company, and this, in turn, predicted how participants anticipated the members of the affected community to react to the compensation offered by the company. The study thus demonstrates the importance of consultations with local residents in the process of deciding on compensation measures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Longitudinal Effects of OCB on Cadre Selection and Pursuing a Career as Militia Cadre in the Swiss Armed Forces

In the present investigation longitudinal data obtained from recruits undergoing basic military training in the Swiss Armed Forces were used to examine the effects of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) on a subsequent cadre selection and the willingness to voluntarily pursue a career as militia cadre. Results of the hierarchical logistic regression controlling for demographic variables, cadre recommendation, and allocation to the desired branch of service showed OCB predicted both the selection as cadre and the voluntariness to pursue a career as militia cadre. These effects show to what extent OCB may predict significant additional effort. Results are discussed with regard to further examination of the effects of OCB on career outcomes and selection decisions.     

Effects of voice and similarity on procedural fairness and trust: A dual process model of public acceptance based on representatives’ participation

In citizen participation, a few representatives of the total citizen population participate in discussions with authorities regarding public decisions and policies. The present study examines a dual process model in which the representatives’ voice and similarity of values facilitate public acceptance through procedural fairness and trust in representatives, respectively. The results of an experiment employing a scenario method, which included participants from Japan (n = 211) and the Netherlands (n = 200), indicate that the representatives’ voice increased procedural fairness and public acceptance when the similarity of representatives was high. The effects of representatives’ voice on public acceptance via procedural fairness was supported in both nations, while other effects of representatives’ similarity on acceptance via trust were indicated only in Japan. These results suggest that the indirect voice of citizens, as conveyed by representatives, plays an important role in increasing perceptions of procedural fairness and public acceptance among citizens.     

“Editing” Genes: A Case Study About How Language Matters in Bioethics

Metaphors used to describe new technologies mediate public understanding of the innovations. Analyzing the linguistic, rhetorical, and affective aspects of these metaphors opens the range of issues available for bioethical scrutiny and increases public accountability. This article shows how such a multidisciplinary approach can be useful by looking at a set of texts about one issue, the use of a newly developed technique for genetic modification, CRISPRcas9.     

An Investigation of Psychology Staffing in Australian Metropolitan Acute Public Hospitals

Psychology is one component of the multidisciplinary services provided to patients in acute public hospitals, with research demonstrating that psychological intervention significantly enhances clinical outcomes for patients across a range of health issues. Despite the increasingly important role that psychologists play in Australian hospitals, there remains a lack of information available about staff levels, discipline structures, and clinical activity for psychological services within acute hospital settings. The most recent Australian data about hospital‐based psychology services was collected 20 years ago. The current study provides updated information from a survey of 15 Australian metropolitan, acute public hospitals: presenting and critically reviewing staffing configurations and models of service delivery. Results suggest that: (a) hospitals employ a highly skilled workforce at a rate of 0.16 full‐time equivalent psychology staff for every 10 hospital beds; (b) psychologists have a viable career pathway within the hospital‐based health sector; (c) role diversity is common, with the primary focus varying as a function of position level; (d) neuropsychology staffing requires urgent attention to address significant delays in access to services; and (e) public hospitals actively contribute to current and future workforce development through supervision, research, and training. The implications of these results for the future of psychological services in Australian healthcare are discussed.     

突发公共事件中公众的补偿性控制

补偿性控制理论指出,当面临控制感的缺乏时,个体会表现出一种需求秩序的倾向,即努力寻求客观世界的秩序,对于具有秩序性、确定性、可预测性的物理或抽象事物表现出偏好与需求,这种表现被称为补偿性控制。基于突发公共事件常会引发人们控制感暂时的下降,补偿性控制理论的视角可以用来解释个体在突发公共事件中的一系列典型心理反应。如阴谋论信念、谣言传播、道德争论和非理性囤积,都可以从补偿性控制与秩序需求的角度来加以理解。未来研究可以更多考虑从补偿性控制的角度探讨突发公共事件中的公众心理反应,并基于此视角加强理论深化、研究细化和实践干预。     

公共卫生应急管理地方立法的现状、问题及完善路径

地方立法具有针对性、实效性和创造性等优势,是实现区域治理能力现代化的主力军。通过统计可知,我国多地公共卫生应急管理地方立法空白,且存在年久失修、可操作性差、重复立法等缺陷。除借鉴北京、上海等地新晋立法的优秀经验外,可以通过追求“以人民健康为中心”的价值路径,选择适宜立法形式、吸收地方法治实践成果、遵循地方特色立法原则、促进公众参与立法工作的宏观路径,以及确立恰当的名称体例、创新章节架构与内容、实现科技管理与人文精神并进、积极开创应急管理立法新思路的微观路径来完善公共卫生应急管理地方立法。

     

论公共卫生领域个人隐私保护

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情已成为全球重大突发公共卫生事件。防疫工作中,既要维护公共利益,又要保护个人隐私。从公共卫生伦理学角度,认为保护个人隐私是实现社会公平正义的需要,是实现个人安全需要、尊重需要、情感需要、生活需要的前提;而隐私保护不足的表现主要为个人信息的泄露和网络人肉搜索。其原因是法律规范不足、公开界限模糊、道德规范滞后、隐私意识薄弱、群体存在利己心理和偏颇的推理心理。由此提出合理利用《个人信息保护法》保护个人隐私权益、拓宽隐私保护意识培育途径、给予弱势群体人文关怀的对策。

     

不确定状态下的公共卫生推理及其实践价值

科学上的不确定性是公共卫生决策面临的最大挑战,实践中应将哲学与公共卫生更紧密地结合起来,作为解决当今最具挑战性的公共卫生问题的手段。不确定状态下的决策因伴随着认知资源上的匮乏而使传统逻辑学上的“谬误”形式成为特殊情势下的必选项。公共卫生推理的适用应当遵循预防原则、责任豁免原则和比例原则,其不仅是公共卫生研究的启发式工具,在决策论证、辅助决策、风险沟通等方面亦有重要实践价值。我国应重视公共卫生推理研究,构建多情境、多层次的公共卫生推理体系,强化其在舆情引导中的作用,通过思维科普增强风险沟通的实效。

     

重大传染病疫情应对中个人的伦理责任影响——以新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情为例

重大传染病疫情应对可能出现公共利益挤压个人权利的问题,但这种非常态下的权宜之策对阻断病毒传播至关重要,经得起合法性考验。为有效控制重大传染病疫情蔓延,每个人都要承担协调好与他人、与社会的关系,适度让渡个人权利、参与疫情防控、平等对待患者和高风险地区同胞、合理约束自己需求等伦理责任。相关职能部门应当通过完善法律法规、引导树立共同体意识、制定伦理指南、加强沟通解释等方式确保个人的伦理责任落实到位。