国际健康城市计划的理论与实践

健康城市计划由世界卫生组织欧洲区在1987年发起, 其理论基础是人人享有卫生保健和《渥太华健康促进宪章》, 以健康承诺、制定公共卫生政策、开展多部门合作、加强社区参与、注重创新和健康的公共政策为特征。健康城市计划的开展分为启动阶段、组织计划阶段和行动阶段, 指标体系包括健康指标、健康服务指标、环境指标和社会经济指标等四个方面。目前, 世界卫生组织六个区域均已开展健康城市计划, 我国北京、上海、苏州、杭州、长春等地的健康城市计划开展良好。     

The Poor Lady Immured

This essay offers cautionary considerations on what has come to be called “public philosophy.” A conception of philosophy is set forth using Socrates as the paradigm of relentless philosophical questioning. The essay then outlines three types of public philosophy: a philosophy situated in a public setting, a philosophy whose content is modified for a varied public, and a philosophy that functions as normative consensus. The most important of these three is the philosophy modified for the public. The discussion notes examples of public philosophy from the history of philosophy, and examines the contribution of eighteenth‐century philosophers (such as David Hume) to a version of public philosophy. The risks of public philosophy are noted—in particular, that a modified philosophy may substitute the inculcation of belief over the modeling of philosophy. The essay concludes by noting that the university classroom remains an important but forgotten venue of public philosophy.     

论公共卫生领域个人隐私保护

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情已成为全球重大突发公共卫生事件。防疫工作中,既要维护公共利益,又要保护个人隐私。从公共卫生伦理学角度,认为保护个人隐私是实现社会公平正义的需要,是实现个人安全需要、尊重需要、情感需要、生活需要的前提;而隐私保护不足的表现主要为个人信息的泄露和网络人肉搜索。其原因是法律规范不足、公开界限模糊、道德规范滞后、隐私意识薄弱、群体存在利己心理和偏颇的推理心理。由此提出合理利用《个人信息保护法》保护个人隐私权益、拓宽隐私保护意识培育途径、给予弱势群体人文关怀的对策。

     

医疗保障制度改革过程中的价值取向问题及其影响

随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立,我国传统的劳保医疗制度和公费医疗制度已越来越不适应社会发展的要求,呈现出诸多弊端,亟待改革。作为一项公共政策,医疗保障制度在改革与完善的过程中应根据科学行政的要求对政策的价值取向进行深入分析,以便顺利实施改革的各项方案。分析医疗保障制度改革中所涉及的各方面的价值观及其对改革的影响,希望唤起政策制定者对不同群体利益的关注,从而保证政策体系的稳定。     

Cultural Authority in Comparative Context: A Multilevel Analysis of Trust in Science and Religion

Science and religion are among the most influential forces for organizing social life around the world, yet we know little about how national context shapes perceptions of them. Using data from the 2008 International Social Survey Program, we begin to fill this gap by investigating cross‐national differences in public attitudes about science, religion, and society. We find that exposure to science is associated with more trust in science relative to religion whereas religiosity is associated with less trust in science relative to religion. Moreover, these relationships are amplified in secular societies and in those where science is prioritized. We argue that secular and scientific societies provide a context in which personal characteristics are more influential in the formation of social attitudes. These results highlight the importance of macro‐level factors for shaping trust in science and religion and for understanding the sources of their influence in society more broadly.     

确定的不确定性与不确定的确定性——治疗疾病决策与控制传染病决策之差异

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情给人类带来了一场严重的公共卫生危机。人们需要制定抗击疫情的对策。系统地比较了治疗疾病决策与疫情防控决策的制定过程与方式,讨论了这二者在影响决策的因素、决策的内容以及决策的目标上的差别。治疗疾病决策主要是一种事实判断,其确定性与不确定性都是建立在还原论的基础之上;而控制传染病决策基本上是一种价值判断。尽管传染病本身是客观的生物学和医学问题,但是控制传染病方案的制定却不可避免地涉及到许多主观因素。     

KAGAWA'S COSMIC PURPOSE AND MODERNIZATION IN JAPAN

Kagawa Tyohiko (1888–1960), who was a well known Christian leader and social reformer, is re‐evaluated from the perspective of a public philosophy, and as an example of the possibilities for collaboration and conflict between science and the religious humanities in East Asia. His last book, Cosmic Purpose, which appears to be a kind of natural theology, is analyzed from the perspective of the hidden topic of human evil. By considering Kagawa's deep religious sensibility and conscience, the book can be interpreted to reflect on the wrong directionality selected by modern Japan's leaders that resulted in the tragic war.     

The Influence of Identity Salience on Framing Effectiveness: An Experiment

Efforts to influence attitudes on highly polarizing issues, such as climate change, often fail because individuals interpret political messages through the lens of their partisan identities. However, shifting the identity lens through which an individual interprets a message may result in more effective political communication. Through a preregistered survey experiment (n = 978), this study tested how priming either a partisan or a nonpartisan (parental) identity influenced the effectiveness of a climate change frame on several attitudinal outcomes. Findings suggest that identity salience—specifically partisan identity salience—can influence the effectiveness of a frame. Among Republican parents, receiving a message about the impact of climate change on future generations increased climate change concern and intended proclimate political behaviors, but this framing effect disappeared when a partisan identity was first primed. Among Democrat parents, framing had no significant effect until a partisan identity was first primed. The findings offer important insight into the role that identity salience plays in framing effectiveness and suggest that political communication on polarized issues is likely to be more effective at building bipartisan agreement when nonpartisan identities are salient.     

IMPROVING EVOLUTION ADVOCACY: TRANSLATING VACCINE INTERVENTIONS TO THE EVOLUTION WARS

When considering the persuasive characteristics and prospective influences of Darwin-skeptic mass media, uncertainties remain about how to reciprocally promote evolutionary theory to skeptical audiences. This study aims to improve evolution advocacy by translating some of the most successful methods of science endorsement to Evolution Wars contexts. In particular, strategies used to address vaccine hesitancies and enhance immunization uptake policies are reinterpreted for those seeking to improve pro-evolution communications to religious publics. What results are three recommendation categories described as General Guiding Principles, Proximate Interventions, and Auxiliary Interventions.     

Diversifying the Social Scientific Study of Religion: The Next 70 Years

Here I argue that we need to diversify the social scientific study of religion and chart a plan for how we are already and will continue to do so. At the time of the 70th anniversary of our association, I reflect on where—as an association—we have come from and where we are going. Our origin story points to an expansive vision for what would become the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (SSSR), but unfortunately our past has also been marked by an overrepresentation of white male leadership. It was only in 1982 that the society elected its first woman president, Mary Augusta Neal, and only in 2015 that it elected its first person of color, Fenggang Yang. Here, I discuss our hope for a more diverse future: attending to diversity in studies of religion, diversity in the groups of people who are encouraged to study religion, and efforts to translate religion research well to diverse groups of listeners. I share with you pieces of the new SSSR strategic plan, spearheaded in 2018 by Korie Edwards, the first black and woman of color President of the SSSR: particularly the pieces that are most attentive to diversity. I also highlight insights from my own scholarly story about diversity that I have learned through my work with the Religion and Public Life Program at Rice University.