Innovations in Family Support: What Are We Learning?

As family support programs develop across the United States through grassroots efforts by families, state demonstration projects, and local initiatives, new opportunities have become available to examine the experiences of families with service delivery systems. In this study, the research team examined key principles of innovative family support and their effects on families with children at high risk for out-of-home placements. The research team used a multi-case study design with indepth participant observation and semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample of families. The findings on agency implementation and the families' perspectives are described, together with implications for agency change in family support. The findings point to the need for a re-examination of the emerging approaches to family support innovations, including in the context of national policy reform and the agency-based, service delivery system.     

Enduring without avoiding: Pauses and verbal dysfluencies in public speaking fear

Direct measures of overt behavior have been underutilized in speech and other social fear, anxiety, and phobia research. This study demonstrates the usefulness of such variables in the evaluation of public speaking fear. A molecular behavioral assessment methodology was used to examine pauses and verbal dysfluencies of individuals with circumscribed speech fear (n=8) or general social anxiety (n=8), as well as nonanxious control participants (n=16), during an impromptu speech behavior test. Speech fear and generally social anxious individuals paused more often and for a longer duration than the nonanxious group. Results also indicated greater increases in state anxiety during the speech in the circumscribed speech fear sample, relative to the generalized social anxiety and control groups. Taken together with other research, these findings provide evidence that circumscribed speech fear is a meaningful subtype and can be independent of generalized social anxiety. The utility of measuring pausing and verbal dysfluencies in the behavioral assessment of speech fear and other social anxiety and phobia is discussed.     

Locus of control,perceived responsibility for prior fate,and helping behavior

One-hundred-and-sixty adolescents participated in two studies designed to investigate the relationship between $\text{I}\text{E}$ and helping behavior as mediated by the perceived cause of another's need. In the first study, Ss were given the opportunity to help, either “indirectly” or “directly,” a supervisor who had been over- or underpaid in a prior similar task. Internals helped more in the “direct” help than the “indirect” help conditions but their helping behavior and their perceptions of their supervisors were not consistent. The perceptions of the externals were relatively consistent with their greater help of the “overpaid” supervisor. In study 2, the Ss were given additional information to increase the possibility of their making causal attributions as a function of the supervisor's prior fate. Once again, the external subjects' helping behavior reflected their perception of their supervisor's merit. The internal subjects exhibited relatively little helping behavior regardless of their supervisors' prior fate or perceived competence.     

论至善对康德批判哲学的定向作用

至善学说在康德批判哲学中的地位和作用经常遭到研究者的忽视或误解。事实上,至善作为幸福与德性、自然与自由、理论与实践以及感性世界与理智世界的综合统一,对康德伦理学、认识论、历史观和宗教学说中都具有重要的范导意义。至善不但体现了康德批判哲学的最终目的,而且对批判哲学体系的最终建立具有定向作用。     

疾病对社会经济发展的影响

历史上大规模暴发的传染病对社会经济的发展有着非常深刻的影响,它直接打击了社会经济发展的核心与所有生产力要素中最根本的——人类本身;但是,在整个社会经济的发展过程中,公共卫生与医疗保健的作用一直未引起人们的关注,随着人类文明的不断进步,对疾病的控制已经成为世界各国的中心任务,卫生保健服务直接增进了人类健康,促进社会经济健康与持续地发展。     

童年亲子关系与“好资源”对未婚男性性开放态度的影响

本研究采用实验启动的方式探讨“好资源”和童年环境对未婚男性性开放态度的影响, 结果发现童年亲子关系(而不是童年经济状况)在资源线索启动和性开放态度之间存在显著调节作用。研究1采用想象启动来控制个体的资源获取状况, 结果发现：童年亲子关系差的个体在“好资源”想象时其性开放态度较“差资源”想象时明显提升。研究2采用图片情境的资源想象方式, 在研究1的基础上进一步把亲子关系细分成亲子沟通、亲子焦虑和亲子回避三个维度, 结果表明：童年亲子回避在男性资源状况启动和性开放态度之间存在显著调节作用, 童年亲子高回避的个体在“好资源”照片情境想象下其性开放态度显著提升, 而童年亲子低回避的个体在“好资源”照片情境想象下其性开放态度明显下降; 此外, 童年亲子回避在性开放态度上的主效应显著, 亲子回避程度高的个体其性开放态度也更高。两个研究共同揭示了“男人有钱就变坏”的情境和群体特殊性。     

英国公众与患者参与医学研究的实践

介绍英国公众与患者参与研究领域的成熟经验,梳理近年来公众与患者参与在英国医学研究中的相关实践活动,包括最新出台的英国国家《公众参与研究标准》,公众与患者如何作为研究的合作者,主动参与研究优先事项及研究问题、研究申请、研究设计、研究实施、成果发布及应用和评估等环节共享决策权,如何制定和建设公众与患者参与的策略等。期望我国医学研究相关各方关注并倡导公众参与研究的理念,并对建立公众参与机制有所思考。     

突发公共卫生事件中民众对专家系统的信任研究

风险社会充满不确定性,社会风险因素不断增加,突发公共卫生事件中民众与专家系统的信任关系存在“有限”信任取代完全依赖、盲从式跟风、信任缺失等问题。从风险传播视角出发,分析民众与专家系统信任关系存在问题的原因主要包括：专家与普通民众之间的认知落差、媒体不当报道消解专家公信力、对话机制缺失影响专家观点传播效果,并在此基础上提出落实公众参与交流机制、规范新闻媒体报道、优化专家风险话语表达等修复和调整民众对专家系统信任关系的有效策略。     

青少年学生公益心内隐观研究

公益心是个体在公益行为中表现出来的比较稳定的人格特征。以435名青少年为被试,采用内隐观调查法搜集了具有公益心特征的形容词或短语,通过分类与合并找到了能代表具有公益心特征的80个形容词;然后,通过489名青少年对这些形容词或短语的评定得分,采用探索性因素分析得到了青少年公益心的四个因子,即同情友爱、环境意识、集体意识、热情自信;最后,对另外351名青少年的形容词问卷得分进行了验证性因素分析,结果表明青少年公益心四因素模型的拟合度较好,从而确认了青少年公益心的四因素结构模型。     

生命优逝与临终关怀之哲学思辨

通过对生命价值与死亡意义的阐述,分析传统生死观与临终关怀本土化的进程,从“生命之重”与“优逝之难”、社会角色视域下的优逝期望、安乐死与生命价值的哲学反思等多个层面对生命优逝的哲学理念与现实博弈展开讨论与辨析,同时亦从传统生命哲学与临终关怀、现代医学视域下的临终关怀、临终关怀的法哲学思考、临终关怀的伦理考量等维度对临终关怀的伦理依据与哲学审思予以细致探讨和论述,以期为新时代构筑和发展具有中国特色的临终关怀事业与“健康中国”提供理论思考,同时亦为“和谐中国”贡献哲学智慧。